Breast Feeding Essay Research Paper BREASTFEEDING free essay sample

Breast Feeding Essay, Research Paper BREASTFEEDING # 8211 ; NATURE # 8217 ; S WAY OF SPACING BABIES? Introduction The birthrate modulating consequence of breastfeeding has been known for underestimated. This has been due largely to the deficiency of cognition of the events associated with breastfeeding that determine its prophylactic consequence. It is now known that suckling per Se is non a peculiarly effectual or dependable agencies of contraceptive method. On the other manus, the period of amenorrhoea associated with breastfeeding, normally referred to as lactional amenorrhoea, provides an of import grade of prophylactic consequence. Physiology of Contraceptive Effect of Breast Feeding # 61623 ; Endocrine Responses to Breastfeeding The physiological response to suckling at the chest is non local, but is mediated hormonally through afferent nervous signals to the encephalon from receptors in the mammilla. The secernment of two pituitary endocrines, Pitocin and lactogenic hormone, into the circulatory system, marks the female parent # 8217 ; s primary response to suckling. Leake et Al. We will write a custom essay sample on Breast Feeding Essay Research Paper BREASTFEEDING or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page reported the continued presence of a vigorous Pitocin response in long-run ( up to one twelvemonth ) breastfeeding. Oxytocin is secreted from specialised nervus terminations in the posterior hypophysis and participates in the milk expulsion physiological reaction, while lactogenic hormone is secreted from cells within the anterior hypophysis and appears to be responsible for the co-ordination of the complex biochemical procedures involved in milk production. No studies were found that might impute to oxytocin an ability to interact with the generative system. In contrast to the evident deficiency of interaction of Pitocin, lactogenic hormone may impact reproduction at multiple sites including the hypothalamus, the hypophysis and the ovaries. However it is non clear to what extent that any direct effects of lactogenic hormone are responsible for birthrate suppression during lactation. Gross and Eastman have developed a theoretical account of serum lactogenic hormone concentration during lactional amenorrhoea, derived from informations acquired from a prospective, longitudinal survey of 34 breastfeeding female parents. Their informations suggest that lactogenic hormone concentration might supply a sensitive index of the return of menses and birthrate during lactation. Harmonizing to their theoretical account, serum lactogenic hormone concentration at any hebdomad after bringing is dependent on: 1. Some fixed early perinatal rate of diminution in concentration. 2. The figure of hebdomads that unsupplemented suckling continued. 3. The figure of hebdomads of supplemented breastfeeding. 4. The figure of hebdomads since the oncoming of ablactation. The theoretical account assumes that ovulatory rhythms would result one time the mean serum lactogenic hormone concentration has fallen to a threshold below which ovulation suppression no longer can be maintained. The hypothesis that the form of suckling stimulation determines the extent of the birthrate stamp downing consequence was suggested in a reappraisal by McNeilly et Al. Wood et Al. developed a similar hypothesis in relation to their survey of the Gainj people of New Guinea. The writers suggested that a pre-nursing concentration of lactogenic hormone will be re-established in about three hours unless another nursing episode intervenes. They base their logical thinking on the observation thta serum lactogenic hormone concentration extremums within 30 proceedingss of induction of nursing and the apprehension that lactogenic hormone is removed from circulation with a half life of about 30 proceedingss. Harmonizing to their observations, a typical form for a Gainji baby would be three proceedingss suckling every 30 minutes, whereas an American baby might be in a agenda of 30 proceedingss every five hours, on the norm. Wood et Al. predict that the form of short, frequent turns would bring f orth higher norm and basal lactogenic hormone concentrations and therefore turn out to be more effectual in stamp downing birthrate than longer continuance, infrequent turns of nursing. It is hard to see hoe the basal and mean lactogenic hormone concentrations could be dependent on the form of suckling unless there exists unmanageableness or some other signifier of non-linearity in the mechanism of prolactin synthesis and release. A possible theoretical base for understanding this job has been given by the experimental work or Charles Grosvenor and his associates at the university of Tennessee. Grosvenor # 8217 ; s group found that a metabolite of TRH, cylco-his-pro, inhibits the transmutation of lactogenic hormone in the hypophysis from a pre-releasable to a releasable signifier. They theorise that TRH released by the hypothalamus in response to the suckling inhibits the release of Dopastat from the TIDA ( tubero-infundibular dopaminergic ) neurones of the hypothalamus, therefore taking the chronic suppression of the transmutation of lactogenic hormone from its pre-releasable to its releasable signifier. However, TRH is rapidly metabolised, giving cyclo-his-pro th at blocks farther transmutation. After an interval has elapsed between suckling turns, the furnace lining province abates. A new Suckling stimulation so is capable of triping another lactogenic hormone release and an extra lactogenic hormone transmutation in readying for the following stimulus-release episode. # 61623 ; Hormonal Responses non Mediated by Prolactin McNeilly et Al. proposed the being of a GnRH ( gonadotrophin let go ofing endocrine ) pulsation generator located in the hypothalamus that can be disrupted by input from the mammary nervus when stimulated by suckling. This break would deject reproduction since pulsatile secernment of GnRH is necessary for the development of the episodic release and eventual rush in LH ( lutienizing endocrine ) secernment. The LH rush is considered to be the necessary trigger for rupture of the aged ovarian follicle, i.e. ovulation. In their position, the Suckling stimulation is the cardinal factor in the hormone control of lactational sterility and anything that undermines or reduces this stimulation will ensue in as recommencement of ovarian activity with a variable return in birthrate. Post-Partum Anovulation in Nursing Mothers The length of the post-partum anovulatory period in nursing female parents has been reported to change widely among different populations and a assortment of mechanisms finding ing the length of the anovulatory interval has been considered by several research workers. Dominant among the hypotheses proposed have been: # 61623 ; The Nutritional Hypothesis # 8211 ; Extended post-partum amenorrhoea seen in hapless developing states is due to undernourishment and deficient shops of organic structure fat. # 61623 ; The Behaviour Hypothesis # 8211 ; Mothering and nursing patterns play the primary function in finding the length of station partum amenorrhoea. Taylor et Al. have analysed breastfeeding and ovulation informations from 72 female parents. A relative jeopardies theoretical account of the informations strengthened the hypothesis that a form of short frequent turns of nursing specify a risk-set of adult females less susceptible to post-partum ovulation than those who choose to nurse on a agenda of comparatively drawn-out and infrequent turns. In contrast, no consequence of maternal weight for tallness on the month-specific rate of post-partum ovulation could be detected in the survey population comprised of American female parents trained in self-observation of birthrate marks. A brief sum-up of their consequences follows. The proportion of the survey population staying anovulatory as a map of the figure of months since childbearing. 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 y-axis: # 8220 ; Proportion staying Anovulatory # 8221 ; x-axis: # 8220 ; Months Post-partum # 8221 ; FIG. 1. Post-partum anovulatory intervals for the survey population ranged from 5.1 to 26.6 months. The average interval was 14.1 months with a standard divergence of 5.2 months. The average anovulatory interval was 13.9 months, with the first and 3rd quartiles happening at 10.8 and 16.7 months severally. Median nursing turn length as a map of the clip since childbearing. 40 35 # 8220 ; Bout 30 Length # 8221 ; ( min ) 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 # 8220 ; Months post-partum # 8221 ; FIG. 2. No direct relationship between the length of single nursing turns and ovulation susceptibleness could be established. Median of interbout interval as a map of the clip since childbearing. 6 5 # 8220 ; Inter- bout 4 interval # 8221 ; 3 2 1 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 # 8220 ; Months post-partum # 8221 ; FIG. 2. Hazard analysis of ovulation-time informations showed that the length of clip between nursing turns is the individual most important step of suckling behavior act uponing the timing of a female parent # 8217 ; s first post-partum ovulation. Lactaional Amenorrhea Method The usage of lactational amenorrhoea during the first six months post-partum by to the full or about to the full breastfeeding adult females is referred to as the lactational amenorrhoea method or LAM. It is of import to understand the difference between utilizing merely suckling and the usage of LAM for birthrate ordinance as the prophylactic effectivity is well different. LAM is an efficient short-run method of household planning, based on WHO sponsored research. At a conference held in Bellagio, Italy in 1988, a consensus papers was produced which concluded that a adult female is 98 % protected from gestation when: # 61623 ; She is to the full or about to the full suckling. # 61623 ; The babe is less than six months old. # 61623 ; Menstruation has non returned. When these standards no longer use, the opportunities of gestation are increased and the adult female has to see another household planning method. The standard for suckling have to be clearly defined to guarantee the suppression of birthrate. The Bellagio conference stated # 8220 ; They ( the female parents ) should be informed how to maximize the anti-fertility effects of suckling to forestall gestation # 8230 ; .. # 8221 ; What that means is that merely # 8216 ; ecological # 8217 ; suckling provides extended post-partum sterility. This is a signifier of babe attention which is characterised by changeless mother-baby togetherness and frequent nursing, both by twenty-four hours and by dark. Fully suckling agencies that the babe is fed by his female parent on chest milk entirely without the add-on of other milk, fruit juices or solids. Water may be given. The babe will be fed on demand and will suckle for nutriment and comfort alternatively of holding a silent person. This frequent Suckling is of import to keep birthrate during lactation and will be discussed subsequently. It is besides of import that the eating technique should be good if birthrate is to be suppressed by suckling. Any decrease in breastfeeding will increase the opportunities of gestation and the return of menses, or six months post-partum signals the terminal of protection from LAM. A multi-centre survey of LAM was carried out to find acceptableness, satisfaction and use in 10 different populations, and to corroborate the efficaciousness of the method. The overall satisfaction with LAM was 83.6 % and continuance with another method of household planning was shown to be 67.6 % at nine months post-partum. Knowledge and understanding were high, runing from 78.4 to 88.6 % for the three standards. LAM can be used with a high degree of satisfaction and success by adult females in a assortment of civilizations, wellness attention scenes, socio-economic strata, and industrial and developing state scenes. Advantages and Disadvantages of LAM # 61623 ; Advantages 1. Breastfeeding does non be anything and can be convenient. 2. It is the best manner to feed a babe, both nutritionally and from the adhering position. 3. Breastfeeding burns Calories, thereby assisting the female parent to return to her original weight. 4. It can be discontinued at any clip, without the intercession of a wellness professional. 5. When used decently it is every bit effectual as utilizing a barrier method of contraception. ( e.g. rubbers, stop etc. ) # 61623 ; Disadvantages 1. It is non an effectual method of contraceptive method after the return of menses, or six months post-partum. 2. The female parent must be willing to suckle her babe every clip that he/she is hungry to guarantee that birthrate is suppressed. 3. LAM does non protect against sexually familial diseases. 4. Breastfeeding can bring forth vaginal waterlessness. 5. Some adult females may develop tenderness or infections in their mammillas or chests. Decision Numerous surveies have shown thta breastfeeding extends the length of the post-partum anovulatory interval over that experienced by bottle feeding female parents. Some of these surveies showed that the length of the anovulatory interval experienced depends on the manner of suckling that the female parent patterns. Supplement and programming of breastfeeding, every bit good as episodes of mother/baby separation, all increase the female parent # 8217 ; s opportunities of ovulating after childbearing. The generative system is placed under inhibitory control, either by suckling moving straight at the hypothalamic degree to stamp down the HPO-axis, or through lactogenic hormone and its multiple degrees of influence on the HPO-axis. LAM can be a utile manner to clip the beginning of a 2nd, less impermanent prophylactic method. This was confirmed by a conference on lactational sterility ( Bellagio, Italy, 1988 ) which stated: # 8220 ; # 8230 ; Post-partum adult females should be offered a pick of utilizing breastfeeding as a agency of household planning, either to assist achieve optimum birth spacing, or as a manner of detaining the debut of other preventives # 8230 ; # 8221 ; The consequences from the multi-centre survey of LAM verify that it is acceptable and ready for widespread usage, and should be included in the scope of services available in maternal and child wellness, household planning and other primary wellness attention scenes. Diaries # 61623 ; Rivera.R. , # 8220 ; The usage of lactational amenorrhoea as a birthrate modulating method, # 8221 ; Progresss in Contraception, vol.12 ( 3 ) , pp. 179- 185, 1996. # 61623 ; Jackson.R.L. , # 8220 ; Ecological breastfeeding and kid spacing, # 8221 ; Clinical Pediatrics, vol.27:8, pp.373-377, August 1988. # 61623 ; Kippley.S.K. A ; Kippley.J.F. , # 8220 ; The relation between suckling and amenorrhoeas: study of a study, # 8221 ; Journal of Tropical Pediatrics and Environmental Child Health, vol.23, pp.239-245, 1997. # 61623 ; Habicht.J.P. , Davanzo.J. , Butz.W.P. A ; Meyers.L. , # 8220 ; The prophylactic function of breastfeeding, # 8221 ; Population Studies, vol.39, pp.213-232, 1992. # 61623 ; McNeilly.A.S. , Robinson.I.C.A.F. , Houston.M.J. A ; Howie.P.W. , # 8220 ; Release of Pitocin and lactogenic hormone responses in long-run breastfeeding, # 8221 ; Obstetricss and Gynecology, vol.62, pp.567-589, 1992. Books # 61623 ; Howie.P.W. , # 8220 ; Synopsis of research on breastfeeding and birthrate, # 8221 ; Breastfeeding and natural Family Planning, ed.Mary Shivanandan, pp.7-21, KM Associates, Bethesda, MD, 1986. # 61623 ; La Leche League International, # 8220 ; The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding, # 8221 ; La Leche League International, Franklin Park, IL, 1981, 3rd edition. # 61623 ; McNeilly.A.S. , Glasier.A. A ; Howie.P.W. , # 8220 ; Endocrine control of lactational sterility, # 8221 ; Maternal Nutrition and Lactational Infertility, erectile dysfunction. Dobbing.J. , pp.1-19, Nestle Nutrition, Raven Press, New York, 1985. # 61623 ; Bongaarts.J. A ; Potter.R.G. , # 8220 ; Fertility, Biology and Behaviour, # 8221 ; Academic Press, New York, 1983. # 61623 ; Kippley.S.K. , # 8220 ; Breastfeeding and Natural Child Spacing: How Ecological Breastfeeding Spaces Babies, # 8221 ; The Couple to Couple League International, Inc. , Cincinnati, 1989.

Free Term Papers Book Reports and Essays Database Entrance Page essays

Free Term Papers Book Reports and Essays Database Entrance Page essays Free Term Papers, Book Reports, and Essays Database Entrance Page To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a Free Term Papers, Book Reports, and Essays Database Entrance Page To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our database of 1000's of Free Term Papers. week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our database of 1000's of Free Term Papers. Free Term Papers, Book Reports, and Essays Database Entrance Page To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our database of 1000's of Free Term Papers. Free Term Papers, Book Reports, and Essays Database Entrance Page To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our database of 1000's of Free Term Papers. Free Term Papers, Book Reports, and Essays Database Entrance Page To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our da ...

Politics since Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Politics since - Movie Review Example But America feels that while Iran’s help was great in some fields, it lacked substantially in others. The US believes that Usama bin Laden2 and other important leaders of Al-Qaeda escaped to Iran. Therefore, they demanded Iran to turn them over for investigation but Iran denied their presence in their country which is not believed by the US. Things took a pivotal turn from then on. George W. Bush3 called Iran a member of the Axis of evil4. This caused Iran to stop their supportive role in Iraq. There were a huge number of protests in Iran against America. Their national flag was disrespected and trampled on. George Bush was burned in effigy on several occasions. Mohammad Ali Abtahi5 calls this one of the biggest political blunders of George Bush. Iran was branded as a terrorist nation at a very crucial time by the US. Such remarks are an attack on the nobility and pride of a nation and any country in the world would have responded in a similar way. The US efforts to install democracy in Iraq have served the Iranian interest according to US because of the fact that Iran wanted Saddam Hussein6 to fall. The army that Iran fought for 8 years was subdued in just a few weeks as a result of US invasion of Iraq. For US, this is a great benefit to Iran but Iran is not content with just that. Iran indeed wanted Saddam to fall but not the way he did. For them, one enemy is replaced by an even bigger enemy. They are worried about the US encirclement of Iran. US efforts of democracy in Iraq mean the creation of a Puppet State controlled by the US. Iran also feels that it has been a home outside home for many Iraqi politicians through history. Therefore, they have a right to be consulted when a new government is being set up in Iraq. Iran helped to get the votes out in the first elections and many of their allies were elected in southern Iraq. Iran wanted participation in the overthrowing of

Finance accounting assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance accounting - Assignment Example In short, they let the customers do talk. The company is currently ranked as the largest global lifestyle brand offering company. It offers menswear, women swear, and other vital accessories over 100 retail stores in more than 30 countries. Today, Excellency clothing company fulfills its commitment to customers by providing commercial fashion and offering quality designs. The company has a vision of multi- channeling distribution and looking forward to the expansion of the brand in new and existing international markets. Despite the fact that the company has a vision of expanding its market size to gain competitive advantage over other competitors, it has experienced a setback of decrease in the profitability in recent years mainly due to the stiff competition in the market and economic recession and financial crisis (Ketz et al., 2005). The company’s financial statement show road to economic depression is skyrocketing. Based on the data from the income statement provided in the annual report, it is clearly seen that there is a decline in the company performance. At the beginning of 2014, the company reported revenue of  £215,623,000, a drop of about (39440/255063)*100 = 15.46% from the year 2013. The decrease in the income was caused by unfavorable movements in the foreign currency rates in the respective countries (White et al., 2011). Another crucial factor was the stiff global competition that scaled up in the retail industry. The next item to be analyzed is the cost of sales that increased from (96800/255063)*100 = 37.95% in the year 2013 to (84500/215623) = 39.19%. The increase in the value f sales was due to the inventory damage which is inexcusable forcing the company to purchase more stocks, manufacture more wares and to cover additional costs that are associated with repackaging and finally storing replacement finished goods. Other factors that led to an increase in the cost of sales were the warehouse

My Opinion on Different Issues of Today (From a Democratic Point of Personal Statement

My Opinion on Different Issues of Today (From a Democratic Point of View) - Personal Statement Example Their role is to serve the common citizens, and thus they must readily accept to be taxed so that ordinary citizens do not suffer from the changing economy. Politicians should not pass any law or policy that reduces the status of our country and makes the citizens dig dipper into their savings. Increased taxes make employment stressful as it makes people earn less from their jobs. But this is what the government needs so that it can be able to manipulate the electorate. One would logically think that the money realised from increased taxation would enable the government to employ more people; however, in reality, employees work less and spend less as the government legally keeps small chunks of the employees’ hard earned money. This makes the economy to decline, even though the government gets richer with each cent they get from the citizens. The government is only concerned with the big bucks it gets from large corporations, and when it increases the tax rates, small business es are driven off the markets as every penny they earn is collected by the government. The small businesses entrepreneurs opt to wind up their business instead of giving everything to the government. The super rich individuals would be left to operate the majority of the businesses as they do not have any problem with the government taking a little more of their money through tax. They can also be able to employ many professionals who would ensure that they do not feel the effects of the increased taxation. Despite the increased taxation, everything becomes more expensive, and services and consumable products no longer move from the shelves in shops and supermarkets. The citizens opt to economize their money and they adopt healthy eating lifestyles. They also reduce their standards of living, and business owners and entrepreneurs opt to fire people. This is very good for the economy as the available resources can last longer in the country. The government increasingly invests and sp ends a lot of money in job creation to enable its citizens, especially the young generation, to get jobs after graduation from college. With increased taxation, the government clearly wants people to get unspecialized jobs as it already employed enough citizens. The rest should be contented in being fed and clothed by welfare programs and getting assistance from their relatives and friends. It is funny though that everybody goes to school to get a job, but the government does not see sense in more people working and uses all the resources and machinery to make people idle. Majority of people support the government in all its functions and would readily accept to pay additional taxes as they are patriotic. The revenue collection agencies of the government would have to be abolished as nobody would try to evade paying tax. Instead of increasing tax, the government should introduce tax rebates to the poor and tax the rich people more as poor people do not get to use the country’ s resources equally with the rich people. It is ironical that the rich people get tax cuts instead of getting heavily taxed; they have the money and they mostly control the economy and they have a lot of say in its appreciation and depreciation. The low earners should only enjoy the benefits because they are the ones who do most of the work in

Nuclear power for future energy supplies

Nuclear power for future energy supplies Should Nuclear Power Be Developed For Future Energy Supplies? Introduction I am writing this essay to debate the idea of having nuclear power developed for future use by us. This takes on a major issue and covers many aspects of our nations energy use both in present and for the future. When we think about nuclear power we do not automatically think of it as a non renewable energy source. This is because it is not part of the fossils fuels; coal, oil and gas, which we all know will not last us as reliable energy sources for much longer. However, nuclear power is a non renewable energy source and has many dedicated power stations located around the UK. Nuclear energy is considered an important fuel to produce energy as it currently provides 28% of this countrys needs, compared to the feeble 1% of renewable energy used. How Is Nuclear Energy Made? Nuclear energy is obtained by processes of nuclear fission and fusion. In nuclear fission the energy is released by splitting the atom sending a neutron blasting through the nucleus, this makes other neutrons fly off at high speeds setting up a chain reaction. Nuclear fusion is the opposite by which the nuclei of two or more atoms fuse together, in the process mass is lost and this is then converted into energy. Production of energy takes place inside a nuclear reactor which consists of a core surrounded by a thick concrete shield, steam pipes, turbines and a final (electricity) generator. After the mining of the ore (this is mainly uranium or plutonium ore) has been done the pure uranium is turned into uranium dioxide which is made into pellets. Several of these pellets are placed inside fuel rods. Usually there are about 90,000 fuel rods placed in the core of a reactor. Nuclear fission takes place inside the core by which the isotope splits using the atoms in the uranium dioxide from the pellets. The immense heat produced by this is carried away by fluid circulating through the reactor core. Once the fluid becomes heated it is used to produce steam, this steam drives the turbines which in turn rotate the main electricity generators to produce clean, reliable electricity. During this process there is a massive amount of radiation and so this is why the core is surrounded by a thick concrete shield to absorb this radiation. Arguments For Using And Developing Nuclear Power To satisfy our general needs of heating our water, heating our homes, cooking our food, powering our appliances and lighting our rooms, we need to retrieve energy from the many many methods available to us. One of these choices is nuclear energy. There are very good reasons why it should be considered and developed further, to be used in the future. Firstly, by comparing it to the other non renewable energy sources (coal, oil and natural gas), nuclear power is a very clean energy as it does not produce any of the greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which lead to the greenhouse effect or global warming. This problem is significant for the disintegration of the ozone layer when fossil fuels are burnt to release energy. Plus using this form of energy can save the reserves we have left of some of the precious fossils fuels like oil, which is said to run out within the next 50 years. Because nuclear power already supplies 28% of the UKs energy, it is also much more reliable at present than many of the renewable options we have available such as wind, solar and wave. A very important point and something that must be considered is that there can be huge amount of energy produced from just a small amount of nuclear element. Just one kilogram of uranium can produce as much energy as 3,000,000 kilograms of coal. Many people also feel that the ‘dumping of waste is a major issue. It is a concerning factor, but when looking at the real statistics, the nuclear power industry produces 2,000 tonnes of nuclear waste every year in the United States, whereas the coal fired power plants are producing a staggering 100,000,000 tonnes of ash and sludge which is blown into the atmosphere being breathed in by us plus contributing to global warming. Finally, with the nuclear energy economy being one of the safest in the world, producing the cheapest energy, development in the future can provide thousands of jobs and other opportunities of stable employment for many people. Arguments Against Using And Developing Nuclear Power As well as the very well argued points agreeing with the future use of nuclear energy, there is opposition to this expansion. There are many people and often groups that raise concerns about the safety of nuclear power. Nuclear waste that is produced from the nuclear power stations emits a very high amount of dangerous radiation that can stay radioactive for up to 25,000 years so it must be disposed of very carefully. Any accident is extremely dangerous and can kill any life in the surrounding area immediately. A case study that shows the extreme risk of development of nuclear power and what can happen if an accident occurs is the 1986 incident in Chernobyl, Russia. Here a nuclear reactor exploded killing 31 people, and around 140,000 people were evacuated as quickly as possible. This area around the explosion was contaminated by radiation and this will remain for a long period of time. The clouds of radioactive material that were also released by the explosion spread, reaching even as far as Sweden. The wind that blew from Chernobyl also came across to Britain and caused acid and other toxic rain that ruined farmland, making the soil radioactive. Farmers are still having problems in parts of Wales because of the radiation that has spread as a result of an accident at a nuclear power plant. Rather than looking at nuclear energys dangers, it also has a few faults. One of these are that a big part of the energy that is created must be blown away because it cannot be used. Nuclear power is also unable to adjust to a lower power production for night. These are faults which not only can cause problems but also inconvenience. Back to the issue of the nuclear waste, focusing away from its safety concerns, and more about where it can be disposed of without causing major problems. As it does stay radioactive for a very long time it must be discarded carefully. The pollution of this waste can cause serious effects on both people and the environment. An example of pollution has been in the Irish sea which was dreadfully polluted by the nuclear waste from the power plant at Sellafield in Cumbria. This fuel should ideally be stored in a safe environment either underground or in special concrete surrounded stainless steel liquid tanks. Another concern that is brought up with nuclear power is the potential for nuclear weapons to be developed. In these weapons would be uncontrolled nuclear fission where even if just a small amount of unstable uranium or plutonium is used, a bomb would explode. If more countries turned to the development of nuclear energy we could be at risk of production of these weapons by countries such those in the Middle East and terrorist groups, some believe it may even lead to a possible nuclear war in the future. Conclusion Looking at all of the arguments for and against the issue of whether nuclear power should be developed for future energy supplies, they are all valid reason that should be taken into account. As for my personal response, I feel that nuclear energy should not be developed as the building of more power plants could cause harmful effects, especially if accidents occur. I feel that the chance of accidents taking place are far more likely if this source of energy is developed. This can lead to the deaths of many lives due to the sheer amount of radiation. Plus looking at the locations of nuclear power plants in the UK, they are mainly in remote areas, for obvious reasons, and also near the sea. More of these can lead to their expansion in more populated areas putting many lives in danger. I also feel that instead of turning to another non renewable energy from fossil fuels, it is far better to invest and research into the development of renewable sources which will give us clean, cheap energy in the future. By looking at changing the technology for these alternatives now, we can help plan for the future. However, if the nuclear industry was developed then when reserves of uranium and plutonium ran out we would once again be searching for other ways. So overall I feel that nuclear energy, although cheap and reliable, is not the best option to be developed for future use, not just in this country but around the world.

Racism in Nazi Germany :: Ancient Rome Roman History

Racism in Nazi Germany Explain how Hitler made use of racism to carry out domestic and foreifn policy between 1928 and 1941 Throughout Nazi Germany in the period 1928 through to 1941, racism was utilized by Hitler, and in turn his Nazi party, most predominantly to secure Hitler?s position as dictator, and secondly to unite the German people against a common enemy, which would lead to a united powerful state, ready and able to exert its national will. Whether or not his aims were totalitarian in nature is debatable, however, his aims for racial purification and domination over Eastern Europe are made obvious before Hitler?s assumption of power, primarily in the racist crude writings of Mein Kampf, and even from Moellers? Des drittes Reich from the 1920?s. It can be said, therefore, though Hitler may not have been successful in achieving a totalitarian state, he may certainly have desired it. Constantly, it is made obvious, through his use of racism in both Domestic and foreign policy that Hitler?s ultimate aim, was total power, both for himself and his master race - the Volksgeminschaft. Hitler's use of ra cism is continually evident from the beginning of his comings to power, through till his attack on the Soviet Union in June of 1941. Racism, was initially used by Hitler to identify his sympathizers, and most predominant to unite the German people again public internal enemy number one - The Jews. Anti-semitism, anti-communism and attacks on several other minority groups ranging from slavs to democrats, provided Hitler with the Stab-in-the -back theory post World War One, and provides and excuse for defeat with the treaty of Versailles. Being that Nazi philosophy is essentially social dawanism targeted again the Jews and Bolsheviks, providing valid excuses and moral reasons for any attack on, or failure of the German race, the fittest of them all, against minority groups was a legitimate claim and justification for exclusion of these peoples. Hitler used racism to appeal to the pre existing bitter and aggressive side of German nature, thus securing his position as dictator and reuni ting his people. Securing his position as the all powerful dictator, or FÃ ¼hrer, is central to all of Hitler's policy decisions, be they foreign or domestic, and this was achieved through his, and the Nazi?s use of racism. Initially, Hitler used persecution and hatred of minorities such as Jews and communists to identify his sympathizers and supporters throughout the Government and general population, mainly young people and big business, and utilized this power, and appeal to secure his position as chancellor and later president of a united Germany.

Customer Value Essay

Customer Value can be explained in simple terms by knowing the difference between what the customer gets from the product/service and what he or she has to exchange in order to get it (may be money). It is very important for any company in the market to understand this difference; if failed to do so, this can be one of the biggest reasons for the product/service failure in the market. According to many researchers, in this ever growing world of technology and social media the organization’s inability of establishing unique and convincing value to their products/services is the main reason for its failure. Keeping its importance in mind, many companies tries to understand what is their customer valuing. However, this can also be one of the most difficult things to understand. There are many factors causing it to be difficult for the marketers overcome this issue. However, for this task we will focus 3 main aspects. Firstly, every customer values different product/service differently. It might be situational or might be only for a definite period of time. Secondly, the market itself! Technology and economic nature change the pace of the global market. With the competition aggressive as never seen before, it is important for the marketers to change their strategies with the ever changing market. Thirdly, some internal factors which make it difficult for organization to bring in customer value. Gist of Customer Value No one has made it clearer of this word â€Å"Customer Value† concisely than Lamb et al. (2008, 2009) who wrote, â€Å"Customer Value is the relationship between benefits and the sacrifice necessary to obtain those benefits. Which means – if a product is of very good quality and is only obtained by paying a very high price will not be considered as of value by the customers, just like a low quality product which can be purchased for cheap price; but a value of a product is only seen by a customer when the quality of the product meets their expectation at an affordable price. Let’s take an example of coffee; some people love to drink coffee at Starbucks which may cost $10 and some people like to drink coffee from a local coffee shop which may only cost $4. Now, people who drinks coffee at Starbucks expects them to use premium offee beans (Arabica) which tastes better and so are willing to pay $10 which worth (value) for Starbucks customers. On the same note, people who drink coffee at local coffee shop might just need to satisfy their caffeine addiction and they feel that it is worth for the price they pay. According to Butz and Goodstein (1996), a customer value is the emotional bond between the customer and the company (service/product provider) developed by means of the used service/product. The emotional bond is only developed when the service/product meets the customer’s expectation. Different researchers have defined â€Å"customer value† in different ways but it all revolves around words like â€Å"benefits†, â€Å"satisfaction†, â€Å"expectation† and â€Å"worth†. If a company who wants to understand â€Å"customer value† for their product/service they need to understand more about these words with respect to their customers. But it is not as easy as it seems. Perhaps, even in dictionaries it’s difficult to find synonyms for these words because these words depend on situations. Challenges for marketers For companies to operationalize â€Å"customer value† in marketing their product can only be done by learning their â€Å"customers† and â€Å"market†. These terms can be very challenging to learn or to understand because of its diverse nature. * Customer’s change is inevitable Customer’s needs or wants can be situational. Different customers can seek same products/service for variety of needs. Vodaphone has a pre-paid mobile plan that allows customers to make international calls at a cheaper rate and also allows making free calls to local Vodaphone customers. As an international student I choose this plan to make international calls at a cheaper rate but my friend who is a local chooses the same plan because most of his friends are Vodaphone users. Further to this, a customer’s needs may change with change in their circumstances. Just like, if I secure a part-time job which gets me constant income, I will consider changing my mobile plan to post-paid service which has more offers. Customer’s needs are dynamic and can change over time. We humans have different needs at different age. Products brought by a person from a shopping mall will be different when he was single and when he gets married and more so when he’s a father. (Don Peppers & Martha Rogers, 2010) It is difficult to predict or to foresee these changes in the same customer with the change in situation. At every point of time, customers are trying to actually achieve their needs for that point of time (Hultink and Atuahene-Gima, 2000). There is no single system to understand or to foresee customer’s need and to categorize them. Marketers should learn their customer’s needs beforehand to make their product valuable to their customers. To achieve this, organizations needs look at their products/services through customer’s point of view (Don Peppers & Martha Rogers, 2010). As the changes in customer’s situation can be quiet fast, organizations needs to be quick in changing their strategies and innovations to meet their ever changing customers. Technological drawbacks Climbing the technological ladder too quick might pull down the organizations efforts in boosting customer’s value for a service/product. An excellent customer service is very important to maintain or to boost the value of the product/service with regards to customers. Traditional human to human interactions have been replaced by human to machine interactions by the help of technology. These changes force customers to embrace self-service technologies which can create discomfort among some low-tech savvy customers (Parasuraman, 2000). There may be customers with limited knowledge in technology or may not be willing accept the technological introduction (Walker, Lees, Hecker and Francis, 2002). Almost everyone has experienced this scenario when they call a customer service center of telecommunication provider. The call keeps bouncing to different automated machines and still our problems are not solved until we speak to a customer service executive. Similarly, online banking system with tight security measures some people still prefer to visit banks personally for some services. This is because either the customers are not willing trust these technological services or lack of knowledge to use these services. Secondly, Internet world made it easier for customers to compare the quality, product/service details, and cost of same/similar product from different companies (Bakos, 1997 & Lynch & Ariely, 2000). Customers can comfortable get information about the various products using internet at home without physically going to the market (J. Nielsen, 2000). This increases the competition exponentially and any company is vulnerable to this situation if they do not keep up with the hanging market trends. Companies have to constantly indulge in innovation that meets their customer’s expectation and introduce strategies to keep the customers excited about their current and upcoming product. Even a speculation of an upcoming product of the competitors can adversely affect the company’s current product in the market. Like the speculation of Samsung III (latest mobile phone) with more and better specifications tremendously reduced the sales of iphone 4s current product, even to a point that the recently released iphone 5 didn’t reach its expected sales mark. Barriers within Organizations Every organization has its own culture and employees working will be very comfortable with those culture. This culture may not be aligned with the ever changing customer’s expectations and needs. Using their own employees, organization tries to understand their customer’s needs by merely guessing it. By doing so, organizations come up with customer’s needs through employee’s perspective (or sales point of view) and not customer’s perspective. Now this â€Å"guessed† customer’s needs might be exactly opposite to what the organizations actual customer’s needs. This creates a difference between the customer value and service/product offered, which in turn results in unsatisfied customers (Woodruff, 1997). Example, Kodak Company was reluctant to change with the change in the market and customer’s needs. Customers were finding it easier to use a digital camera over a film based camera. However, Kodak Company expected its customers to use film based cameras which are not user friendly. This gradually resulted in Kodak losing its customer base to its competitors those who embraced to this change in era. Now even if the organization decides to move towards the customer’s needs by proper findings and learning their customers. It depends on managers to implement these finding in marketing their product and also in future products. Managers might be too busy with their normal duties to implement the learning on customer value. Thus the adapting to change becomes a problem when it is not in line with the introduction of new information on market change and their customers. This can also happen when the organization is reluctant to continuously train their employees on the market and customer variations. Conclusion:  There are many other factors such as market variations, globalization, wide variations in customer’s psychology, brand image etc. that makes it challenging for a marketer to show value to customers in their products/services. Theodore Leavitt of the Harvard Business School explained this idea by saying that â€Å"The customer is not interested in a quarter-inch drill. Rather the customer is interested in a quarter-inch hole†. By understanding the results preferred by the customer, an organization can invest its marketing and innovation in the right direction for the customers to achieve their desired results.

Our Justice System essays

Our Justice System essays I believe that our justice system is all messed up. Mite is right. Thats how I think our justice system works. Lets take Michael Jackson for example. Now who is going to convict the King of Pop of everything that he was charged with? Not many people chosen as jurors obviously. All the evidence showed that he did some pretty messed up stuff. Another example of this flaw in our justice system is the case of O. J Simpson. For those that dont know, Simpson was at one point in time a professional football player and was convicted of killing a white women. Was he convicted of murder? No. why? Well, lets think about this for a moment. Hes rich, famous, and part of a Chicago foot ball team and being tried in Chicago. Now if you take a middle or low class unknown person and charge them with murder, you know theyre going to prison. Of course there are some cases to argue with the point that I am trying to make, but lets look at those for a quick second. Martha Stewart, I think, is a pretty god example. Shes rich and famous and went to jail for a couple months. Although, when you think about it and look at the facts, she should have gone to jail for much longer then she did. In the end, what I am trying to say is that when it comes to justice, might is right is not acceptable. As the Old Testament states, eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth. No matter who you are, with the crime committed, comes an equal punishment. ...

The One-Page Resume Dont Model Your Resume After Elon Musks

The One-Page Resume Dont Model Your Resume After Elon Musks Last April, a resume writing company called Novorà ©sumà © created Elon Musk’s one-page resume, claiming that this resume proves no one needs a resume longer than one page. The resume spread virally. But does it prove what it claims to prove? I’m not reproducing the Elon Musk one-page resume here since I dont want to violate copyright, so I invite you to view it as you read the following comments. You can take a look at this much-viewed resume here. My take: This one-pager is nice for Elon Musk, the creator of Tesla and one of the biggest names in entrepreneurial history. I mean, Elon Musk could put his name sloppily on a page and get hired. Who cares what his resume says? But most people need more than one page to display their accomplishments. I assert that while there are some good things about this resume, there are more problems than attributes. And there are a lot of lessons you can take from Elon Musk’s one-page resume on what NOT to do. Here’s my critique: Elon’s Summary only works if you already know who he is. Otherwise you’d think the guy is idealistic at best, crazy at worst. Here’s how it reads: â€Å"Aiming to reduce global warming through sustainable energy production and consumption, and reducing the â€Å"risk of human extinction† by â€Å"making life multi-planetary† and setting up a human colony on Mars. Brilliant? Or delusional? What about stating Elon’s actual accomplishments, like starting up multi-billion-dollar companies, setting the standard in electric cars, and disrupting more technologies than anyone else on the planet? That’s what I want to hear about. The Work Experience descriptions only make an impact if you already know who Elon Musk is and what his companies do. For example, â€Å"Currently oversee the company’s product strategy – including the design, engineering and manufacturing of more and more affordable electric vehicles for mainstream consumers.† That’s fine, but really it’s a job description, not an accomplishment. It doesnt tell us what dollar value he generated for the company in this position. If someone without Elon Musk’s name recognition wanted to get hired, they would need to list a lot more specific accomplishments on their resume. The broad descriptions on Elon Musk’s one-page resume would not cut it. The award listed in Tesla is ancient. There’s an impressive line in the Tesla section about receiving the Global Green 2006 product design award†¦ but that was ten years ago! You’d almost think the guy hasn’t accomplished anything since then. There are â€Å"orphans† in the paragraphs. â€Å"Orphans† are one-word lines on the last line of a paragraph. They make the resume look elementary and sloppy. Lines that should be bullets are not bulleted and are instead stacked on top of each other with no space in between, making them difficult to read. This space-saving tactic is not recommended. Writing actual bullets takes up more space, sure, but it’s worth it for readability. There are no dollar numbers in the resume anywhere. Lines like â€Å"†¦conducted a successful viral marketing campaign, which led to a rapid increase in the number of customers† lack concrete information on what that increase was. The absence of quantifiable achievements might be okay for Elon Musk, but not for you (unless the numbers are confidential). Writing a true list of accomplishments, I can’t state enough times, is a lot more important than keeping your resume to one page. Elon’s Skills Competencies section is not consistent. Items in the list on â€Å"Skills Competencies† include â€Å"Thinking through principles first,† â€Å"Goal oriented,† and â€Å"Time Management.† The first is a participial phrase, the second is an adjective, and the third is a noun. This kind of inconsistency scrambles a reader’s brain. The Skills Competencies section, formatted in graphic style, will not be understood by a computer or ATS (Applicant Tracking Software) system. If you read my article about ATS-Compatible resumes last week, you know that a chart or graph will not cut it if you are applying to jobs on line. If Elon wants to have this information parsed, he needs to write regular sentences or phrases about these skills. Furthermore, if you want your skills to matter, you need to do more than put them in a list of skills. You must put your skills in the Work Experience section, under positions with dates of employment, to have the years of the skills counted toward your qualifications. Integrating your skills into your Experience section might take up more space, and it’s worth it. The whole resume needs to be reformatted for ATS systems. See my article on ATS-Compatible Resumes. Once reformatted, you guessed it: It will be longer. Elon’s alma matter is listed as â€Å"Penn’s College of Arts and Sciences.†Ã‚  How are we to know if this is the University of Pennsylvania or Penn State without looking it up on line? It’s not worth getting sloppy for the sake of saving space. I recommend always writing out the full name of your educational institutions. There are some people who should have a one-page resume. If you’re applying for Board positions, for instance, a document like Elon Musk’s one-page resume can be effective. Boards don’t care as much about your numbers, and prefer to see a bigger picture of your skills and scope of leadership. A one-page resume is also appropriate for many new graduates and people who have just a few years of experience. If you’re applying to Google, the rule of thumb is one page per 10 years of experience. But I’ve seen new graduates get very desirable jobs using a two-page resume if they have the experience to justify a longer document. Overall, it’s more important to state your accomplishments clearly and specifically, format your resume wisely, write out anything you’ve represented in a chart or graph, and include your keywords in your Experience section, than to attempt to cram all your experience onto one page. How long is your resume? What’s your experience with a one-page or two-page resume? And what do you think of Elon Musk’s one-page resume? Please share your comments!

Evaluate the foreign exchange exposure aspects of the French retail Essay

Evaluate the foreign exchange exposure aspects of the French retail investment project on behalf of Archer's Organic Foods plc - Essay Example .................................4 4.0 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......†¦.................................9 5.0 Recommendations............................................................................................9 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Appendices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....†¦.10 Abstract Without a doubt, the issue of foreign exchange exposures through loss of economic value leads to high losses in firms’ value as the management seeks to maximize the profitability, net cash flow and marke t value of the firm. More significantly, foreign exchange rates get exposures to translation, transaction, and economic exposures depending on the market prevalent exchange rates in the foreign exchange market. With the existence of increased exchange exposure risks among companies that operate globally, different current and uprising fluctuations in the foreign exchange rates influence its growth (Allayannis and Ofek, 2001). As a result, most companies’ analysts undertake a thorough analysis of the foreign exchange markets, which reflects the increased significance of monitoring the effects of the fluctuating exchange rate as it affects individual firms’ profitability levels. ... ds plc management is interested in undertaking investment decisions that will increase its profitability levels, thus avoiding any losses that might arise from its expansion to France due to increased risks of foreign exchange exposures. Considering the market sensitivity to exchange rate exposures, it is radical to undertake a decision based on foreign exchange exposures that are more likely to occur in terms of a regression of asset value on the exchange rate. As a company considering undertaking investment projects that will increase their profitability levels, the management of Archer’s Organic Foods plc should consider the increased possibility of accounting, operation and strategic exposures that could arise from increased foreign exchange rate fluctuations. More significantly, the possibility of increased volatility of the financial markets as Archer’s Organic Foods plc seeks to undertake increased expansion growth allows for unexpected movements in exchange rate s and interest rates within the different foreign markets (Elliott, Huffman and Makar, 2003). More importantly, the increased free movements of cash flows and profits generated from trading with France increases the likelihood of foreign exchange exposures. With the growing global competition,  the increased likelihood of foreign exchange exposures through increased unanticipated movements with the foreign currency trading can cause very large gains or losses if the risks remain largely uncontrolled. As a result, the company’s management should seek to undertake increased measures through increased use of foreign currency derivatives and other hedging instruments that are more likely to mitigate the risk of foreign exchange losses affecting the firm’s asset value. Foreign Exchange Rate Exposures

Risk identification is an underdeveloped art Discuss and include an Essay

Risk identification is an underdeveloped art Discuss and include an overview of risk identification aids and techniques in yo - Essay Example These entrepreneurs are called trendsetters in a market. In a dynamic environment, swift business decisions are required to be taken in response to the fast changing environment. This adaptability is essential for the survival of the business. Risks in a business cannot be avoided. Is the management risk averse? Risk is inevitable in a business process and it is involved in every activity of the business, though the degree of the risk is insignificant in many cases. Therefore, the approach should be: Is a particular risk tolerable, considering the willingness and ability of the management to take risk? The business decisions need to be consistent with the management’s policy with regard to risk. In all other cases, the management has to decide whether the risk is acceptable at all. Therefore, risk identification is a continuous process in an organization to evaluate the risk potential of the business decisions, its impact on the business in the worse scenario and the risk rewa rd ratio. Risk Analysis If risk identification or analysis is considered as an art, the passion and ability for analysis on the part of the personnel is important, and the management’s recognition and support for this function should form the basis for its efficient and successful functioning and contribution to the business development. Risk analysis or risk identification in this sense is as a continuous process as a part of the management function with necessary authority at its disposal and suitable place in the management structure. Risk analysis calls for collecting information from external and internal sources. The analyst needs to possess the analytical ability and proficiency in using various analytical tools for the purpose of analysis. Collection of information from the internal sources through various periodical reports, surveys, job cards and other records is a regular process. Classification of this information for various analytical purposes for the current us e or storage of the classified information for future use is important. The information has to be cross-verified for its correctness and reliability by using various auditing and other techniques. The information is analyzed for abnormalities or other indications and recorded either for future use or further action by the different departmental heads. Barron and Barron (2011) suggest keeping the management informed of project risks and potential impacts at all times. The understanding of the business by the analyst in this process is enhanced and it would be useful in evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses in the system. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Organization Analysis of the internal strengths and weaknesses of the organization is the first step in risk identification because opportunities and challenges in the environment have to be analyzed in relation to the strengths and weaknesses of the organization to evaluate the preferred course of action or to formulate adaptive strategies. Starr et al. (2003) state, ‘Enterprise resilience is the ability and capacity to withstand systemic discontinuities and adapt to new risk environments. A resilient organization effectively aligns its strategy, operations, management systems, governance structure, and decision-support capabilities so that it can uncover and adjust to continually changing risks, endure disruptions to its primary earnings drivers, and create advantages over less