The Major Empires Of West Africa From 1200-1500 - 1174 Words

1) What were the major empires of West Africa from 1200-1500? What were their major industries, modes of social organization? What were their standards of living and lifespans compared to Europe? The Mali empire was established in 1235. It was the largest and the richest empire in the African Middle Ages. During this time Malian emperors relied on a small central administration, which was primarily concerned with finances and justice. (Patterns of World History pg. 400) The empire financed itself through tributes and taxes, but their main source of income relied on trade. The Mali would often trade long distance through merchants and scholars. In Timbuktu, the Mali would produce or mine for salt, creating a Salt Trade Hub in Timbuktu. Timbuktu was also important because it was one of the most important scholarly cities in the world that held massive libraries. Mansa Musa the Malian ruler who annexed Timbuktu. He wanted to share his wealth with his people, so he founded a college, a library, and part of Sankore Mosque. Mansa Musa lived a very lavish and luxurious life and tried to share that life with his people. This actually put in the gold markets in relapse because he put too much gold into circulation, but it influenced Malians to become scholars and at a higher standard of living. The Great Zimbabwe was a kingdom that was established in 1250. This kingdom was a culmination of various southern African kingdoms. While most settlements within the kingdom were dedicated toShow MoreRelatedThe Earth and Its People: Chapter 13 Outline1629 Words   |  7 PagesTropical Africa and Asia (1200 – 1500) Ibn Battuta 1. Young Muslim scholar 2. Completed the pilgrimage to mecca 3. logged 75,000 miles of travel in 29 years 4. Powerful states and commercial systems were only made possible by local farmers, fishermen and pastoralists Tropical Lands and Peoples The Tropical Environment 1. Africa lies almost entirely within the tropics, as do southern Arabia, most of India and all of the Southeast Asian mainland and islands 2. In the lands aroundRead MoreAp World History Units 1-3 Study Guide Essay4374 Words   |  18 Pagesspread of the Bantu-speaking peoples over southern Africa can be best explained by their * Knowledge of agriculture 5. Characteristics of complex civilizations * Specialization of labor * Trade and cultural diffusion * Written languages * Complex political order and power 6. Evidence proves that the Mesopotamians * Traded extensively with peoples as far away as Anatolia, Egypt, India 7. Major effect of Neolithic Revolution * The establishmentRead MoreThe Philosophers And Theologians Of The Middle Ages1837 Words   |  8 PagesEuropean geography. Possessed with the knowledge of other countries and empires, but unable to actually travel there, these thinkers were tormented by their lack of information. 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Dont you mean the Pax  Mongolica? | * Trade was very international. * Silk roads linked Eurasia, and goods traded hands many times along the roads. | * There was still international trade. * The silk roads were still in use as major trade routes. | * New trade routes were made, such as the Indian Ocean routes, and old routes were expanded upon, like the silk roads. * Trade routes became more safe under the pax romana. | * Trade was still very global. * The Silk roadsRead MoreEarly Civilizations and the Dawn of the Medieval Age Essay3703 Words   |  15 Pagesonly covers a part of this period. The reason for this is that history is essentially based on written documents However the art of writing become known to man, only after 3000 B. C. 1.1 History : Meaning and Importance The word history is derived from the Greek noun historia meaning inquiry or research. Aristotle regarded it as a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena, whether or not chronological ordering was a factor in the account. The term history has now come to be appliedRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pages1 The Birth of Civilization Mohenjo-Daro Figure. Scholars believe this limestone statue from about 2500 B.C.E. depicts a king or a priest from Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus valley in present-day Pakistan. Does this figure seem to emphasize the features of a particular person or the attributes of a particular role? Hear the Audio for Chapter 1 at www.myhistorylab.com CRAIMC01_xxxii-031hr2.qxp 2/17/11 3:22 PM Page xxxii EARLY HUMANS AND THEIR CULTURE page 1 WHY IS â€Å"culture† considered a definingRead MoreAncient History Practice Test Essay2381 Words   |  10 Pagespart of the Egyptian empire. His son Aziru made contact with the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I, and eventually defected to the Hittites. The Amurru kingdom was destroyed by the Sea Peoples around 1200 B.C. 2. Napata - Napata was a city-state of ancient Nubia on the west bank of the Nile River, at the site of modern Karima, Northern Sudan. It was founded by Thutmose III in the 15th century BC after his conquest of Nubia. 3. Gaza (ancient) - The name Gaza is first known from military records ofRead MoreJudaism And The Jewish Prayer3766 Words   |  16 PagesDeuteronomy. †¢ Abraham- considered the first monotheist and father of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam David- A king of Israel who helped Israel achieve its greatest glory. After Saul and before Solomon. Saul- the first king of Israel who ruled from 1022-1000 B.C.E. Solomon- son of David who ruled after his father and maintained the position of Israel Philo of Alexandria- Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Martin Buber- Austrian Jewish philosopher and author of Thou and I Maimonides (Rabbi Moses benRead MoreArgumentative Essay on Telivision Is the Leading Cause of Violence in Todays Society9353 Words   |  38 PagesBrahminabad was reduced to ballast.[13] A few months later, further north, Johns brother William Bruntons section of the line ran near another ruined city, bricks from which had already been used by villagers in the nearby village of Harappa at the same site. These bricks now provided ballast along 93 miles (150 km) of the railroad track running from Karachi to Lahore.[13] Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro, with the Great Bath in the front. In 1872–75 Alexander Cunningham published the first Harappan sealRead MoreChristianity as a Unifying Influence in the History of Europe6059 Words   |  25 Pagesand architecture and its Papacy it had united the peoples of Europe. By the thirteenth century all of Europe was Christian. Its ideas penetrated every aspect of life and every political and economic arrangement. Its churches could be seen in the major cities as well as the mountainside villages of rural Europe. Its bishops were part of the politics of countries at the highest level and for many centuries its clergy played the role of civil servants to the European rulers. It helped form the foundations

Benefits And Benefits Of Employee Benefits - 1195 Words

Employee benefits coordinator play a significant role in Human Resource Management. Employee Benefits coordinators are responsible for assisting with employee benefits, maintaining employee data base, managing all insurance billings and maintain employee files, sick pay, vacation and retirement. This study explores the importance of employee benefits to corporations, government agencies and non profit organizations. This paper also researches the effects on the management team and on individual employees’. Case Study 2 When it comes to becoming a Benefits Coordinator there aren t any formal education or certification qualifications. Many Benefits Coordinators learn their craft through on the job learning/training. Some employers require†¦show more content†¦Health insurance is one of the major benefits that encourages employees to stay with an organization even in difficult situations. With health insurance companies attract and retain qualified employees. According to Optima Health (â€Å"Starting in 2015, employers with 50 or more full-time equivalent employees are required to offer affordable, minimum-value group health insurance. If they don’t, they may be assessed government penalties.† n.d.). There are other helpful health insurance benefits such as deducting 100 percent of their employees health insurance cost as a business expense. If the organization is incorporated the owner’s insurance cost is also deductible. But if it’s a small business with less than 25 employees, they may be able to receive a tax credit if they’re with a small group insurance. If there’s 50 or more employees the business is eligible for a larger group health insurance which offers lower rates. Also with employee health insurance employees have a bigger chance of being able to pay medical expenses. In addition to valuable benefit retirement saving plans are essential part of your future financial security. All employees are encouraged to save for retirement. Tax advantages are also accessible to business owners that offer retirement plans. All pension plans are either qualified plans or non-qualified plans. (The Pros and Cons of Offering Employees Retirement Benefits. (n.d.). â€Å"Qualified plans meet the requirements of the

Financial Case Analysis Management

Question: Describe Capital structure and Investment Decision Answer: Capital structure and investment decision making are the two important aspects of financial management. The given scenario illustrates the current position of the company and discusses the perception of the president of the firm regarding the investment opportunity (Berk and DeMarzo, 2007). Various aspects are considered in order to decision and arguments presented by the President. The company has not been performing well in the recent years. Percentage of debt is significantly high in the capital structure of the firm. In this situation, the company has been considering a new project. It has been estimated that the cost of the project will be $ 400 and the value of the project is $ 500. Hence, the net present value of the project is $ 100 and it is profitable for the company. It has been found that the total earnings of the company will enhance by $ 60 each year. Now there are two options for financing the project: debt and equity. If debt is chosen, the percentage of debt will increase and it will lead to a drop in the bond rating of the firm. Therefore, it will not be a good option (Artikis, 2007). In case of equity financing, the company will require fund of $ 400 and price of each share is $ 2. Hence, the company need around 200 shares. Earlier, the company had 1000 shares and now the total number of shares will be 1200. It has been estimated that the new earning per share will be $ 0.55 and earlier it was $ 0.60. In this situation, the president of the company has decided to postpone the project. He has argued that it will cost too high for the business to opt for debt in order to finance the new project. It is true as it will lead to high cost of capital as well as decline the bond rating (Patel and D'Souza, 2007). Additionally, the president has rightly presented the second major reason for delaying the new project. It has been found that the earning of share will decline as the market value of the equity will be less than the book value. Hence, the investors will not be interested (Berk and DeMarzo, 2007). Additionally, assessing the current market conditions it has been observed that the equity market is depressed. It is a major cause behind the lower market value of the equity. It will be a rational decision to wait for the market to improve. The president of the firm has rightly argued that the project should be delayed until the market index improves. When the equity market will be improved, the market value of the equity will be greater than the book value. Hence, the earnings per share will not decline and it will contribute in attracting the investors (Ross, Westerfield and Jaffe, 2005). Hence, it can be stated that the president of the firm has given correct logics for delaying the profitable project. References Artikis, G. (2007).Capital structure. [Bradford, England]: Emerald. Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2007).Corporate finance. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley. Patel, P. and D'Souza, R. (2007).Uncovering knowledge structures of venture capital investment decision making. [Washington, D.C.]: SBA Office of Advocacy. Ross, S., Westerfield, R. and Jaffe, J. (2005).Corporate finance. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Integrate corporate sustainable assessment - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Integrate corporate sustainable assessment. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this task is to provide brief overview about the corporate sustainability accounting activities of the company Bunnings Warehouse. Corporate sustainability accounting refers to the practice of financial accounting which involves the disclosure of non-financial information about the activities of the company implemented in the environment. This type of activities of the company shows their social and cultural responsibilities against the environment. Further the Bunnings Warehouse is an international household hardware chain store of Australia which has its activities initiated in New Zealand, Ireland and United Kingdom as well. The company is owned by Wesfarmers retail chain store since 1994 (Bunnings 2018). Further the sustainability reporting of the company is discussed below: Products of Bunnings Warehouse Bunnings is leading retailer of household and outdoor furnishing products. Further there are numerous products served by the company in the external market. Many types of tools are provided by the company such as power tools, hand tools, tool accessories and in building and hardware decking, landscape, timber, roofing, fencing building board etc. products are served by the company. Garden dcor is also provided by the company namely plants, landscaping, hand and power tools for garden etc. are provided by the company (Bebbington, Unerman, and O'Dwyer 2014). In the category of outdoor fancy living products like barbeque, outdoor play equipment, swimming pool, shade and spas etc. are provided by the company. Kitchen, bathroom, decorating, storage, lighting etc. products are provided by the company. Many varieties are also provided under the above mentioned list. Services are also provided by the company like, kitchen designs, hire shops, special orders and customer bench tops. Customers can customize the type of furniture they require for their place (Bunnings 2018). Role of corporate sustainability reporting in Bunnings warehouse Sustainability has now days grown as an accepted obligation more than responsibilities of companies. Sustainability reporting helps an organization to recognize and implement the long term goals of the company. Further sustainability reporting helps an organization to analyze the obligations of the company related to the environment and act accordingly. In the organization Bunnings it is very important for the company to hold up to their sustainable reporting so as to help company to achieve success in all segments of the environment (Ioannou, and Serafeim 2017). Sustainability accounting focuses more on managerial accounting than financial accounting as it is used by companies to implement the internal decisions in the company and creation of new policies. Further this aspect reflects the growth of the company in the external environment at three level namely, people, planet and profit. Considering the need of sustainability reporting in the company Bunnings Warehouse, it shall be noted that the company being working on large scale crucially understands the need and importance of sustainability activities in the management (Ball, Grubnic, and Birchall 2014). Further the following activities shows the need of sustainability reporting in the company Bunnings: Competitive Advantage: The major benefit of maintaining the books for sustainability reporting is that it helps the company to focus on specific issue and work on them so as to improve them. These activities help the company to gain recognition in the market. The company reduces their cost of absorbed by unsustainable activities due to which they get reserves to spend on increasing the sustainable activities of the company. Thus, in order to gain competitive advantage in the target market, Bunnings initiates the sustainable reporting their business process (Khan, Serafeim, and Yoon 2016). Enhancement of companys image and customer loyalty: further this activity is the need of the business it helps them to create loyalty i the eyes of the customers. With the initiation of sustainability activities, the company gains recognition in the market due to which an identified image created in the market. Further it does not mean that recognition will create trust but activities of the company implemented in the target market do. Therefore, the sustainable practices are implemented in such a way that the customer gains a sense of satisfaction which subsequently increases their level of trust as well. Risk Management: Corporate social responsibility reporting allows the stakeholders of the company to make more informed decision based on the future risks that the company might take. Thus, type of reporting helps the company to create a relation with the environmental, social, economic etc. factors present in the society and minimize the risks as well. Bunnings Sustainability As discussed above is considered as an important aspect in the furnishing business as the resources used by the company are natural resources only. Thus the organization needs to initiate sustainable practices and inculcate it in the behavior of employees as well. This practice of the company will initiate sustainable practices in the environment. Further sustainability of a company refers to the practices of implementing activities in the management which helps the company to grow in log run. Sustainable practices can only be implied in an organization if the employees and concerned enough for the development of the external environment along with internal environment of the organization (Cheng, et al., 2014). So, in response to that the Bunning will attain growth in long run by implementing activities which supports the nature and do not harm the interest of the stakeholders as well. Sustainable furnishing activities shall be implemented in the organization which do not waste the natural resources and produce products which provide long term benefits to the customers of the company. Lastly, in this way Bunnings will create sustainability in the environment. contribution of company in market As the company has a history of taking real life action into implementation, the company has implemented below mentioned strategies to contribute their part in the society: Report Cards: accounting of sustainable activities is important the organization it helps them to focus on crucial areas. The 2017 community report tells about the ongoing sustainable commitments of the company. The report underlines the areas where the company is currently focusing and the community involvement activities of the company. Less consumption of energy: Climate change is widely recognized as one of the most pressuring challenge for the company to cope up with. So, the company aims to use less or minimal energy to produce the resources concerning the available of energy in the environment. Initiatives like energy efficient lighting system are led by the company which reduces the use of energy in production process (Peters, and Romi 2014). Less water and waste: The goal of the company is to responsibly produce less waste in the environment through their business activities. Recycling activities are implemented and with eco-friendly packaging activities as well; Due to which the spare products of the company are used and less pollutants are delivered in the environment. Responsible sourcing: The Company responsibly holds up to the products and services which they supply in the environment. As the activities of the company are sourced worldwide, so Bunnings they initiate sustainable operations in their process with good working conditions and fair treatment with all stakeholders as well. Environmental effect Although the company is present in an industry which adversely hampers the growth of the environment but the organization manages to survive through sustainable accounting practices. The basic product for the company is wood and other natural resources which are getting depleted. And careless activities of companies are increasing the stress of many communities as well. So, the Bunnings aims to reduce the negative impact on environment through their business activities. By contributing their share in the society ad upholding the sustainable laws maintained in the environment; the company creates a positive impact on the society. Existing market The company exists in parts of Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and United Kingdom. The Company operates in hardware markets of these countries. Bunnings is involved in varied sectors of furnishing business like garden equipment, kitchen dcor etc. (Schaltegger, and Wagner 2017). Recommendation It shall be recommended to the company that shall responsibly save the information about the sustainability report of the company. Also this report shall be circulated to the people worldwide who are stakeholders of the company so as to understand the activities initiated by them. Further in order to start the sustainability accounting activities in the whole industry, the company shall involve in public events are spread news about such activities as well. Conclusion Thus, in the limelight of above mentioned events the fact that shall be noted is that sustainability is a responsibility of every organization and person prevailing in the environment. Sustainability helps the industry on a whole to work in long run and improve the productivity as well. Further the above mentioned task tells about the sustainable activities of the company Bunnings which is present in the furnishing industry. The company adequately fulfills their sustainable reporting activities in the management system so as to contribute their share in the environment. Lastly, the state of the environment is getting depleted day by day so it is important for the governments to regulate guidelines to maintain the sustainable reporting in the environment. References Ball, A., Grubnic, S. and Birchall, J., 2014. 11 Sustainability accounting and accountability in the public sector.Sustainability accounting and accountability, p.176. Ball, A., Grubnic, S. and Birchall, J., 2014. 11 Sustainability accounting and accountability in the public sector.Sustainability accounting and accountability, p.176. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Bunnings., 2018. Bunnings and sustainability. Viewed on January 19, 2018 from https://www.bunnings.com.au/about-us/our-actions Bunnings., 2018. In Our Community. Viewed on January 19, 2018 from https://www.bunnings.com.au/about-us/in-our-community Cheng, M., Green, W., Conradie, P., Konishi, N. and Romi, A., 2014. The international integrated reporting framework: key issues and future research opportunities.Journal of International Financial Management Accounting,25(1), pp.90-119. Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2017. The consequences of mandatory corporate sustainability reporting. Khan, M., Serafeim, G. and Yoon, A., 2016. Corporate sustainability: First evidence on materiality.The accounting review,91(6), pp.1697-1724. Maas, K., Schaltegger, S. and Crutzen, N., 2016. Integrating corporate sustainability assessment, management accounting, control, and reporting.Journal of Cleaner Production,136, pp.237-248. Martnez?Ferrero, J., Garcia?Sanchez, I.M. and Cuadrado?Ballesteros, B., 2015. Effect of financial reporting quality on sustainability information disclosure.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(1), pp.45-64. Peters, G.F. and Romi, A.M., 2014. The association between sustainability governance characteristics and the assurance of corporate sustainability reports.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(1), pp.163-198. Schaltegger, S. and Wagner, M. eds., 2017.Managing the business case for sustainability: The integration of social, environmental and economic performance. Routledge. Thomson, I., 2015. But does sustainability need capitalism or an integrated reporta commentary on The International Integrated Reporting Council: A story of failureby Flower, J.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,27, pp.18-22.

Breast Feeding Essay Research Paper BREASTFEEDING free essay sample

Breast Feeding Essay, Research Paper BREASTFEEDING # 8211 ; NATURE # 8217 ; S WAY OF SPACING BABIES? Introduction The birthrate modulating consequence of breastfeeding has been known for underestimated. This has been due largely to the deficiency of cognition of the events associated with breastfeeding that determine its prophylactic consequence. It is now known that suckling per Se is non a peculiarly effectual or dependable agencies of contraceptive method. On the other manus, the period of amenorrhoea associated with breastfeeding, normally referred to as lactional amenorrhoea, provides an of import grade of prophylactic consequence. Physiology of Contraceptive Effect of Breast Feeding # 61623 ; Endocrine Responses to Breastfeeding The physiological response to suckling at the chest is non local, but is mediated hormonally through afferent nervous signals to the encephalon from receptors in the mammilla. The secernment of two pituitary endocrines, Pitocin and lactogenic hormone, into the circulatory system, marks the female parent # 8217 ; s primary response to suckling. Leake et Al. We will write a custom essay sample on Breast Feeding Essay Research Paper BREASTFEEDING or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page reported the continued presence of a vigorous Pitocin response in long-run ( up to one twelvemonth ) breastfeeding. Oxytocin is secreted from specialised nervus terminations in the posterior hypophysis and participates in the milk expulsion physiological reaction, while lactogenic hormone is secreted from cells within the anterior hypophysis and appears to be responsible for the co-ordination of the complex biochemical procedures involved in milk production. No studies were found that might impute to oxytocin an ability to interact with the generative system. In contrast to the evident deficiency of interaction of Pitocin, lactogenic hormone may impact reproduction at multiple sites including the hypothalamus, the hypophysis and the ovaries. However it is non clear to what extent that any direct effects of lactogenic hormone are responsible for birthrate suppression during lactation. Gross and Eastman have developed a theoretical account of serum lactogenic hormone concentration during lactional amenorrhoea, derived from informations acquired from a prospective, longitudinal survey of 34 breastfeeding female parents. Their informations suggest that lactogenic hormone concentration might supply a sensitive index of the return of menses and birthrate during lactation. Harmonizing to their theoretical account, serum lactogenic hormone concentration at any hebdomad after bringing is dependent on: 1. Some fixed early perinatal rate of diminution in concentration. 2. The figure of hebdomads that unsupplemented suckling continued. 3. The figure of hebdomads of supplemented breastfeeding. 4. The figure of hebdomads since the oncoming of ablactation. The theoretical account assumes that ovulatory rhythms would result one time the mean serum lactogenic hormone concentration has fallen to a threshold below which ovulation suppression no longer can be maintained. The hypothesis that the form of suckling stimulation determines the extent of the birthrate stamp downing consequence was suggested in a reappraisal by McNeilly et Al. Wood et Al. developed a similar hypothesis in relation to their survey of the Gainj people of New Guinea. The writers suggested that a pre-nursing concentration of lactogenic hormone will be re-established in about three hours unless another nursing episode intervenes. They base their logical thinking on the observation thta serum lactogenic hormone concentration extremums within 30 proceedingss of induction of nursing and the apprehension that lactogenic hormone is removed from circulation with a half life of about 30 proceedingss. Harmonizing to their observations, a typical form for a Gainji baby would be three proceedingss suckling every 30 minutes, whereas an American baby might be in a agenda of 30 proceedingss every five hours, on the norm. Wood et Al. predict that the form of short, frequent turns would bring f orth higher norm and basal lactogenic hormone concentrations and therefore turn out to be more effectual in stamp downing birthrate than longer continuance, infrequent turns of nursing. It is hard to see hoe the basal and mean lactogenic hormone concentrations could be dependent on the form of suckling unless there exists unmanageableness or some other signifier of non-linearity in the mechanism of prolactin synthesis and release. A possible theoretical base for understanding this job has been given by the experimental work or Charles Grosvenor and his associates at the university of Tennessee. Grosvenor # 8217 ; s group found that a metabolite of TRH, cylco-his-pro, inhibits the transmutation of lactogenic hormone in the hypophysis from a pre-releasable to a releasable signifier. They theorise that TRH released by the hypothalamus in response to the suckling inhibits the release of Dopastat from the TIDA ( tubero-infundibular dopaminergic ) neurones of the hypothalamus, therefore taking the chronic suppression of the transmutation of lactogenic hormone from its pre-releasable to its releasable signifier. However, TRH is rapidly metabolised, giving cyclo-his-pro th at blocks farther transmutation. After an interval has elapsed between suckling turns, the furnace lining province abates. A new Suckling stimulation so is capable of triping another lactogenic hormone release and an extra lactogenic hormone transmutation in readying for the following stimulus-release episode. # 61623 ; Hormonal Responses non Mediated by Prolactin McNeilly et Al. proposed the being of a GnRH ( gonadotrophin let go ofing endocrine ) pulsation generator located in the hypothalamus that can be disrupted by input from the mammary nervus when stimulated by suckling. This break would deject reproduction since pulsatile secernment of GnRH is necessary for the development of the episodic release and eventual rush in LH ( lutienizing endocrine ) secernment. The LH rush is considered to be the necessary trigger for rupture of the aged ovarian follicle, i.e. ovulation. In their position, the Suckling stimulation is the cardinal factor in the hormone control of lactational sterility and anything that undermines or reduces this stimulation will ensue in as recommencement of ovarian activity with a variable return in birthrate. Post-Partum Anovulation in Nursing Mothers The length of the post-partum anovulatory period in nursing female parents has been reported to change widely among different populations and a assortment of mechanisms finding ing the length of the anovulatory interval has been considered by several research workers. Dominant among the hypotheses proposed have been: # 61623 ; The Nutritional Hypothesis # 8211 ; Extended post-partum amenorrhoea seen in hapless developing states is due to undernourishment and deficient shops of organic structure fat. # 61623 ; The Behaviour Hypothesis # 8211 ; Mothering and nursing patterns play the primary function in finding the length of station partum amenorrhoea. Taylor et Al. have analysed breastfeeding and ovulation informations from 72 female parents. A relative jeopardies theoretical account of the informations strengthened the hypothesis that a form of short frequent turns of nursing specify a risk-set of adult females less susceptible to post-partum ovulation than those who choose to nurse on a agenda of comparatively drawn-out and infrequent turns. In contrast, no consequence of maternal weight for tallness on the month-specific rate of post-partum ovulation could be detected in the survey population comprised of American female parents trained in self-observation of birthrate marks. A brief sum-up of their consequences follows. The proportion of the survey population staying anovulatory as a map of the figure of months since childbearing. 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 y-axis: # 8220 ; Proportion staying Anovulatory # 8221 ; x-axis: # 8220 ; Months Post-partum # 8221 ; FIG. 1. Post-partum anovulatory intervals for the survey population ranged from 5.1 to 26.6 months. The average interval was 14.1 months with a standard divergence of 5.2 months. The average anovulatory interval was 13.9 months, with the first and 3rd quartiles happening at 10.8 and 16.7 months severally. Median nursing turn length as a map of the clip since childbearing. 40 35 # 8220 ; Bout 30 Length # 8221 ; ( min ) 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 # 8220 ; Months post-partum # 8221 ; FIG. 2. No direct relationship between the length of single nursing turns and ovulation susceptibleness could be established. Median of interbout interval as a map of the clip since childbearing. 6 5 # 8220 ; Inter- bout 4 interval # 8221 ; 3 2 1 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 # 8220 ; Months post-partum # 8221 ; FIG. 2. Hazard analysis of ovulation-time informations showed that the length of clip between nursing turns is the individual most important step of suckling behavior act uponing the timing of a female parent # 8217 ; s first post-partum ovulation. Lactaional Amenorrhea Method The usage of lactational amenorrhoea during the first six months post-partum by to the full or about to the full breastfeeding adult females is referred to as the lactational amenorrhoea method or LAM. It is of import to understand the difference between utilizing merely suckling and the usage of LAM for birthrate ordinance as the prophylactic effectivity is well different. LAM is an efficient short-run method of household planning, based on WHO sponsored research. At a conference held in Bellagio, Italy in 1988, a consensus papers was produced which concluded that a adult female is 98 % protected from gestation when: # 61623 ; She is to the full or about to the full suckling. # 61623 ; The babe is less than six months old. # 61623 ; Menstruation has non returned. When these standards no longer use, the opportunities of gestation are increased and the adult female has to see another household planning method. The standard for suckling have to be clearly defined to guarantee the suppression of birthrate. The Bellagio conference stated # 8220 ; They ( the female parents ) should be informed how to maximize the anti-fertility effects of suckling to forestall gestation # 8230 ; .. # 8221 ; What that means is that merely # 8216 ; ecological # 8217 ; suckling provides extended post-partum sterility. This is a signifier of babe attention which is characterised by changeless mother-baby togetherness and frequent nursing, both by twenty-four hours and by dark. Fully suckling agencies that the babe is fed by his female parent on chest milk entirely without the add-on of other milk, fruit juices or solids. Water may be given. The babe will be fed on demand and will suckle for nutriment and comfort alternatively of holding a silent person. This frequent Suckling is of import to keep birthrate during lactation and will be discussed subsequently. It is besides of import that the eating technique should be good if birthrate is to be suppressed by suckling. Any decrease in breastfeeding will increase the opportunities of gestation and the return of menses, or six months post-partum signals the terminal of protection from LAM. A multi-centre survey of LAM was carried out to find acceptableness, satisfaction and use in 10 different populations, and to corroborate the efficaciousness of the method. The overall satisfaction with LAM was 83.6 % and continuance with another method of household planning was shown to be 67.6 % at nine months post-partum. Knowledge and understanding were high, runing from 78.4 to 88.6 % for the three standards. LAM can be used with a high degree of satisfaction and success by adult females in a assortment of civilizations, wellness attention scenes, socio-economic strata, and industrial and developing state scenes. Advantages and Disadvantages of LAM # 61623 ; Advantages 1. Breastfeeding does non be anything and can be convenient. 2. It is the best manner to feed a babe, both nutritionally and from the adhering position. 3. Breastfeeding burns Calories, thereby assisting the female parent to return to her original weight. 4. It can be discontinued at any clip, without the intercession of a wellness professional. 5. When used decently it is every bit effectual as utilizing a barrier method of contraception. ( e.g. rubbers, stop etc. ) # 61623 ; Disadvantages 1. It is non an effectual method of contraceptive method after the return of menses, or six months post-partum. 2. The female parent must be willing to suckle her babe every clip that he/she is hungry to guarantee that birthrate is suppressed. 3. LAM does non protect against sexually familial diseases. 4. Breastfeeding can bring forth vaginal waterlessness. 5. Some adult females may develop tenderness or infections in their mammillas or chests. Decision Numerous surveies have shown thta breastfeeding extends the length of the post-partum anovulatory interval over that experienced by bottle feeding female parents. Some of these surveies showed that the length of the anovulatory interval experienced depends on the manner of suckling that the female parent patterns. Supplement and programming of breastfeeding, every bit good as episodes of mother/baby separation, all increase the female parent # 8217 ; s opportunities of ovulating after childbearing. The generative system is placed under inhibitory control, either by suckling moving straight at the hypothalamic degree to stamp down the HPO-axis, or through lactogenic hormone and its multiple degrees of influence on the HPO-axis. LAM can be a utile manner to clip the beginning of a 2nd, less impermanent prophylactic method. This was confirmed by a conference on lactational sterility ( Bellagio, Italy, 1988 ) which stated: # 8220 ; # 8230 ; Post-partum adult females should be offered a pick of utilizing breastfeeding as a agency of household planning, either to assist achieve optimum birth spacing, or as a manner of detaining the debut of other preventives # 8230 ; # 8221 ; The consequences from the multi-centre survey of LAM verify that it is acceptable and ready for widespread usage, and should be included in the scope of services available in maternal and child wellness, household planning and other primary wellness attention scenes. Diaries # 61623 ; Rivera.R. , # 8220 ; The usage of lactational amenorrhoea as a birthrate modulating method, # 8221 ; Progresss in Contraception, vol.12 ( 3 ) , pp. 179- 185, 1996. # 61623 ; Jackson.R.L. , # 8220 ; Ecological breastfeeding and kid spacing, # 8221 ; Clinical Pediatrics, vol.27:8, pp.373-377, August 1988. # 61623 ; Kippley.S.K. A ; Kippley.J.F. , # 8220 ; The relation between suckling and amenorrhoeas: study of a study, # 8221 ; Journal of Tropical Pediatrics and Environmental Child Health, vol.23, pp.239-245, 1997. # 61623 ; Habicht.J.P. , Davanzo.J. , Butz.W.P. A ; Meyers.L. , # 8220 ; The prophylactic function of breastfeeding, # 8221 ; Population Studies, vol.39, pp.213-232, 1992. # 61623 ; McNeilly.A.S. , Robinson.I.C.A.F. , Houston.M.J. A ; Howie.P.W. , # 8220 ; Release of Pitocin and lactogenic hormone responses in long-run breastfeeding, # 8221 ; Obstetricss and Gynecology, vol.62, pp.567-589, 1992. Books # 61623 ; Howie.P.W. , # 8220 ; Synopsis of research on breastfeeding and birthrate, # 8221 ; Breastfeeding and natural Family Planning, ed.Mary Shivanandan, pp.7-21, KM Associates, Bethesda, MD, 1986. # 61623 ; La Leche League International, # 8220 ; The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding, # 8221 ; La Leche League International, Franklin Park, IL, 1981, 3rd edition. # 61623 ; McNeilly.A.S. , Glasier.A. A ; Howie.P.W. , # 8220 ; Endocrine control of lactational sterility, # 8221 ; Maternal Nutrition and Lactational Infertility, erectile dysfunction. Dobbing.J. , pp.1-19, Nestle Nutrition, Raven Press, New York, 1985. # 61623 ; Bongaarts.J. A ; Potter.R.G. , # 8220 ; Fertility, Biology and Behaviour, # 8221 ; Academic Press, New York, 1983. # 61623 ; Kippley.S.K. , # 8220 ; Breastfeeding and Natural Child Spacing: How Ecological Breastfeeding Spaces Babies, # 8221 ; The Couple to Couple League International, Inc. , Cincinnati, 1989.

Free Term Papers Book Reports and Essays Database Entrance Page essays

Free Term Papers Book Reports and Essays Database Entrance Page essays Free Term Papers, Book Reports, and Essays Database Entrance Page To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a Free Term Papers, Book Reports, and Essays Database Entrance Page To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our database of 1000's of Free Term Papers. week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our database of 1000's of Free Term Papers. Free Term Papers, Book Reports, and Essays Database Entrance Page To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our database of 1000's of Free Term Papers. Free Term Papers, Book Reports, and Essays Database Entrance Page To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our database of 1000's of Free Term Papers. Free Term Papers, Book Reports, and Essays Database Entrance Page To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our da ...

Politics since Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Politics since - Movie Review Example But America feels that while Iran’s help was great in some fields, it lacked substantially in others. The US believes that Usama bin Laden2 and other important leaders of Al-Qaeda escaped to Iran. Therefore, they demanded Iran to turn them over for investigation but Iran denied their presence in their country which is not believed by the US. Things took a pivotal turn from then on. George W. Bush3 called Iran a member of the Axis of evil4. This caused Iran to stop their supportive role in Iraq. There were a huge number of protests in Iran against America. Their national flag was disrespected and trampled on. George Bush was burned in effigy on several occasions. Mohammad Ali Abtahi5 calls this one of the biggest political blunders of George Bush. Iran was branded as a terrorist nation at a very crucial time by the US. Such remarks are an attack on the nobility and pride of a nation and any country in the world would have responded in a similar way. The US efforts to install democracy in Iraq have served the Iranian interest according to US because of the fact that Iran wanted Saddam Hussein6 to fall. The army that Iran fought for 8 years was subdued in just a few weeks as a result of US invasion of Iraq. For US, this is a great benefit to Iran but Iran is not content with just that. Iran indeed wanted Saddam to fall but not the way he did. For them, one enemy is replaced by an even bigger enemy. They are worried about the US encirclement of Iran. US efforts of democracy in Iraq mean the creation of a Puppet State controlled by the US. Iran also feels that it has been a home outside home for many Iraqi politicians through history. Therefore, they have a right to be consulted when a new government is being set up in Iraq. Iran helped to get the votes out in the first elections and many of their allies were elected in southern Iraq. Iran wanted participation in the overthrowing of

Finance accounting assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance accounting - Assignment Example In short, they let the customers do talk. The company is currently ranked as the largest global lifestyle brand offering company. It offers menswear, women swear, and other vital accessories over 100 retail stores in more than 30 countries. Today, Excellency clothing company fulfills its commitment to customers by providing commercial fashion and offering quality designs. The company has a vision of multi- channeling distribution and looking forward to the expansion of the brand in new and existing international markets. Despite the fact that the company has a vision of expanding its market size to gain competitive advantage over other competitors, it has experienced a setback of decrease in the profitability in recent years mainly due to the stiff competition in the market and economic recession and financial crisis (Ketz et al., 2005). The company’s financial statement show road to economic depression is skyrocketing. Based on the data from the income statement provided in the annual report, it is clearly seen that there is a decline in the company performance. At the beginning of 2014, the company reported revenue of  £215,623,000, a drop of about (39440/255063)*100 = 15.46% from the year 2013. The decrease in the income was caused by unfavorable movements in the foreign currency rates in the respective countries (White et al., 2011). Another crucial factor was the stiff global competition that scaled up in the retail industry. The next item to be analyzed is the cost of sales that increased from (96800/255063)*100 = 37.95% in the year 2013 to (84500/215623) = 39.19%. The increase in the value f sales was due to the inventory damage which is inexcusable forcing the company to purchase more stocks, manufacture more wares and to cover additional costs that are associated with repackaging and finally storing replacement finished goods. Other factors that led to an increase in the cost of sales were the warehouse

My Opinion on Different Issues of Today (From a Democratic Point of Personal Statement

My Opinion on Different Issues of Today (From a Democratic Point of View) - Personal Statement Example Their role is to serve the common citizens, and thus they must readily accept to be taxed so that ordinary citizens do not suffer from the changing economy. Politicians should not pass any law or policy that reduces the status of our country and makes the citizens dig dipper into their savings. Increased taxes make employment stressful as it makes people earn less from their jobs. But this is what the government needs so that it can be able to manipulate the electorate. One would logically think that the money realised from increased taxation would enable the government to employ more people; however, in reality, employees work less and spend less as the government legally keeps small chunks of the employees’ hard earned money. This makes the economy to decline, even though the government gets richer with each cent they get from the citizens. The government is only concerned with the big bucks it gets from large corporations, and when it increases the tax rates, small business es are driven off the markets as every penny they earn is collected by the government. The small businesses entrepreneurs opt to wind up their business instead of giving everything to the government. The super rich individuals would be left to operate the majority of the businesses as they do not have any problem with the government taking a little more of their money through tax. They can also be able to employ many professionals who would ensure that they do not feel the effects of the increased taxation. Despite the increased taxation, everything becomes more expensive, and services and consumable products no longer move from the shelves in shops and supermarkets. The citizens opt to economize their money and they adopt healthy eating lifestyles. They also reduce their standards of living, and business owners and entrepreneurs opt to fire people. This is very good for the economy as the available resources can last longer in the country. The government increasingly invests and sp ends a lot of money in job creation to enable its citizens, especially the young generation, to get jobs after graduation from college. With increased taxation, the government clearly wants people to get unspecialized jobs as it already employed enough citizens. The rest should be contented in being fed and clothed by welfare programs and getting assistance from their relatives and friends. It is funny though that everybody goes to school to get a job, but the government does not see sense in more people working and uses all the resources and machinery to make people idle. Majority of people support the government in all its functions and would readily accept to pay additional taxes as they are patriotic. The revenue collection agencies of the government would have to be abolished as nobody would try to evade paying tax. Instead of increasing tax, the government should introduce tax rebates to the poor and tax the rich people more as poor people do not get to use the country’ s resources equally with the rich people. It is ironical that the rich people get tax cuts instead of getting heavily taxed; they have the money and they mostly control the economy and they have a lot of say in its appreciation and depreciation. The low earners should only enjoy the benefits because they are the ones who do most of the work in

Nuclear power for future energy supplies

Nuclear power for future energy supplies Should Nuclear Power Be Developed For Future Energy Supplies? Introduction I am writing this essay to debate the idea of having nuclear power developed for future use by us. This takes on a major issue and covers many aspects of our nations energy use both in present and for the future. When we think about nuclear power we do not automatically think of it as a non renewable energy source. This is because it is not part of the fossils fuels; coal, oil and gas, which we all know will not last us as reliable energy sources for much longer. However, nuclear power is a non renewable energy source and has many dedicated power stations located around the UK. Nuclear energy is considered an important fuel to produce energy as it currently provides 28% of this countrys needs, compared to the feeble 1% of renewable energy used. How Is Nuclear Energy Made? Nuclear energy is obtained by processes of nuclear fission and fusion. In nuclear fission the energy is released by splitting the atom sending a neutron blasting through the nucleus, this makes other neutrons fly off at high speeds setting up a chain reaction. Nuclear fusion is the opposite by which the nuclei of two or more atoms fuse together, in the process mass is lost and this is then converted into energy. Production of energy takes place inside a nuclear reactor which consists of a core surrounded by a thick concrete shield, steam pipes, turbines and a final (electricity) generator. After the mining of the ore (this is mainly uranium or plutonium ore) has been done the pure uranium is turned into uranium dioxide which is made into pellets. Several of these pellets are placed inside fuel rods. Usually there are about 90,000 fuel rods placed in the core of a reactor. Nuclear fission takes place inside the core by which the isotope splits using the atoms in the uranium dioxide from the pellets. The immense heat produced by this is carried away by fluid circulating through the reactor core. Once the fluid becomes heated it is used to produce steam, this steam drives the turbines which in turn rotate the main electricity generators to produce clean, reliable electricity. During this process there is a massive amount of radiation and so this is why the core is surrounded by a thick concrete shield to absorb this radiation. Arguments For Using And Developing Nuclear Power To satisfy our general needs of heating our water, heating our homes, cooking our food, powering our appliances and lighting our rooms, we need to retrieve energy from the many many methods available to us. One of these choices is nuclear energy. There are very good reasons why it should be considered and developed further, to be used in the future. Firstly, by comparing it to the other non renewable energy sources (coal, oil and natural gas), nuclear power is a very clean energy as it does not produce any of the greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which lead to the greenhouse effect or global warming. This problem is significant for the disintegration of the ozone layer when fossil fuels are burnt to release energy. Plus using this form of energy can save the reserves we have left of some of the precious fossils fuels like oil, which is said to run out within the next 50 years. Because nuclear power already supplies 28% of the UKs energy, it is also much more reliable at present than many of the renewable options we have available such as wind, solar and wave. A very important point and something that must be considered is that there can be huge amount of energy produced from just a small amount of nuclear element. Just one kilogram of uranium can produce as much energy as 3,000,000 kilograms of coal. Many people also feel that the ‘dumping of waste is a major issue. It is a concerning factor, but when looking at the real statistics, the nuclear power industry produces 2,000 tonnes of nuclear waste every year in the United States, whereas the coal fired power plants are producing a staggering 100,000,000 tonnes of ash and sludge which is blown into the atmosphere being breathed in by us plus contributing to global warming. Finally, with the nuclear energy economy being one of the safest in the world, producing the cheapest energy, development in the future can provide thousands of jobs and other opportunities of stable employment for many people. Arguments Against Using And Developing Nuclear Power As well as the very well argued points agreeing with the future use of nuclear energy, there is opposition to this expansion. There are many people and often groups that raise concerns about the safety of nuclear power. Nuclear waste that is produced from the nuclear power stations emits a very high amount of dangerous radiation that can stay radioactive for up to 25,000 years so it must be disposed of very carefully. Any accident is extremely dangerous and can kill any life in the surrounding area immediately. A case study that shows the extreme risk of development of nuclear power and what can happen if an accident occurs is the 1986 incident in Chernobyl, Russia. Here a nuclear reactor exploded killing 31 people, and around 140,000 people were evacuated as quickly as possible. This area around the explosion was contaminated by radiation and this will remain for a long period of time. The clouds of radioactive material that were also released by the explosion spread, reaching even as far as Sweden. The wind that blew from Chernobyl also came across to Britain and caused acid and other toxic rain that ruined farmland, making the soil radioactive. Farmers are still having problems in parts of Wales because of the radiation that has spread as a result of an accident at a nuclear power plant. Rather than looking at nuclear energys dangers, it also has a few faults. One of these are that a big part of the energy that is created must be blown away because it cannot be used. Nuclear power is also unable to adjust to a lower power production for night. These are faults which not only can cause problems but also inconvenience. Back to the issue of the nuclear waste, focusing away from its safety concerns, and more about where it can be disposed of without causing major problems. As it does stay radioactive for a very long time it must be discarded carefully. The pollution of this waste can cause serious effects on both people and the environment. An example of pollution has been in the Irish sea which was dreadfully polluted by the nuclear waste from the power plant at Sellafield in Cumbria. This fuel should ideally be stored in a safe environment either underground or in special concrete surrounded stainless steel liquid tanks. Another concern that is brought up with nuclear power is the potential for nuclear weapons to be developed. In these weapons would be uncontrolled nuclear fission where even if just a small amount of unstable uranium or plutonium is used, a bomb would explode. If more countries turned to the development of nuclear energy we could be at risk of production of these weapons by countries such those in the Middle East and terrorist groups, some believe it may even lead to a possible nuclear war in the future. Conclusion Looking at all of the arguments for and against the issue of whether nuclear power should be developed for future energy supplies, they are all valid reason that should be taken into account. As for my personal response, I feel that nuclear energy should not be developed as the building of more power plants could cause harmful effects, especially if accidents occur. I feel that the chance of accidents taking place are far more likely if this source of energy is developed. This can lead to the deaths of many lives due to the sheer amount of radiation. Plus looking at the locations of nuclear power plants in the UK, they are mainly in remote areas, for obvious reasons, and also near the sea. More of these can lead to their expansion in more populated areas putting many lives in danger. I also feel that instead of turning to another non renewable energy from fossil fuels, it is far better to invest and research into the development of renewable sources which will give us clean, cheap energy in the future. By looking at changing the technology for these alternatives now, we can help plan for the future. However, if the nuclear industry was developed then when reserves of uranium and plutonium ran out we would once again be searching for other ways. So overall I feel that nuclear energy, although cheap and reliable, is not the best option to be developed for future use, not just in this country but around the world.

Racism in Nazi Germany :: Ancient Rome Roman History

Racism in Nazi Germany Explain how Hitler made use of racism to carry out domestic and foreifn policy between 1928 and 1941 Throughout Nazi Germany in the period 1928 through to 1941, racism was utilized by Hitler, and in turn his Nazi party, most predominantly to secure Hitler?s position as dictator, and secondly to unite the German people against a common enemy, which would lead to a united powerful state, ready and able to exert its national will. Whether or not his aims were totalitarian in nature is debatable, however, his aims for racial purification and domination over Eastern Europe are made obvious before Hitler?s assumption of power, primarily in the racist crude writings of Mein Kampf, and even from Moellers? Des drittes Reich from the 1920?s. It can be said, therefore, though Hitler may not have been successful in achieving a totalitarian state, he may certainly have desired it. Constantly, it is made obvious, through his use of racism in both Domestic and foreign policy that Hitler?s ultimate aim, was total power, both for himself and his master race - the Volksgeminschaft. Hitler's use of ra cism is continually evident from the beginning of his comings to power, through till his attack on the Soviet Union in June of 1941. Racism, was initially used by Hitler to identify his sympathizers, and most predominant to unite the German people again public internal enemy number one - The Jews. Anti-semitism, anti-communism and attacks on several other minority groups ranging from slavs to democrats, provided Hitler with the Stab-in-the -back theory post World War One, and provides and excuse for defeat with the treaty of Versailles. Being that Nazi philosophy is essentially social dawanism targeted again the Jews and Bolsheviks, providing valid excuses and moral reasons for any attack on, or failure of the German race, the fittest of them all, against minority groups was a legitimate claim and justification for exclusion of these peoples. Hitler used racism to appeal to the pre existing bitter and aggressive side of German nature, thus securing his position as dictator and reuni ting his people. Securing his position as the all powerful dictator, or FÃ ¼hrer, is central to all of Hitler's policy decisions, be they foreign or domestic, and this was achieved through his, and the Nazi?s use of racism. Initially, Hitler used persecution and hatred of minorities such as Jews and communists to identify his sympathizers and supporters throughout the Government and general population, mainly young people and big business, and utilized this power, and appeal to secure his position as chancellor and later president of a united Germany.

Customer Value Essay

Customer Value can be explained in simple terms by knowing the difference between what the customer gets from the product/service and what he or she has to exchange in order to get it (may be money). It is very important for any company in the market to understand this difference; if failed to do so, this can be one of the biggest reasons for the product/service failure in the market. According to many researchers, in this ever growing world of technology and social media the organization’s inability of establishing unique and convincing value to their products/services is the main reason for its failure. Keeping its importance in mind, many companies tries to understand what is their customer valuing. However, this can also be one of the most difficult things to understand. There are many factors causing it to be difficult for the marketers overcome this issue. However, for this task we will focus 3 main aspects. Firstly, every customer values different product/service differently. It might be situational or might be only for a definite period of time. Secondly, the market itself! Technology and economic nature change the pace of the global market. With the competition aggressive as never seen before, it is important for the marketers to change their strategies with the ever changing market. Thirdly, some internal factors which make it difficult for organization to bring in customer value. Gist of Customer Value No one has made it clearer of this word â€Å"Customer Value† concisely than Lamb et al. (2008, 2009) who wrote, â€Å"Customer Value is the relationship between benefits and the sacrifice necessary to obtain those benefits. Which means – if a product is of very good quality and is only obtained by paying a very high price will not be considered as of value by the customers, just like a low quality product which can be purchased for cheap price; but a value of a product is only seen by a customer when the quality of the product meets their expectation at an affordable price. Let’s take an example of coffee; some people love to drink coffee at Starbucks which may cost $10 and some people like to drink coffee from a local coffee shop which may only cost $4. Now, people who drinks coffee at Starbucks expects them to use premium offee beans (Arabica) which tastes better and so are willing to pay $10 which worth (value) for Starbucks customers. On the same note, people who drink coffee at local coffee shop might just need to satisfy their caffeine addiction and they feel that it is worth for the price they pay. According to Butz and Goodstein (1996), a customer value is the emotional bond between the customer and the company (service/product provider) developed by means of the used service/product. The emotional bond is only developed when the service/product meets the customer’s expectation. Different researchers have defined â€Å"customer value† in different ways but it all revolves around words like â€Å"benefits†, â€Å"satisfaction†, â€Å"expectation† and â€Å"worth†. If a company who wants to understand â€Å"customer value† for their product/service they need to understand more about these words with respect to their customers. But it is not as easy as it seems. Perhaps, even in dictionaries it’s difficult to find synonyms for these words because these words depend on situations. Challenges for marketers For companies to operationalize â€Å"customer value† in marketing their product can only be done by learning their â€Å"customers† and â€Å"market†. These terms can be very challenging to learn or to understand because of its diverse nature. * Customer’s change is inevitable Customer’s needs or wants can be situational. Different customers can seek same products/service for variety of needs. Vodaphone has a pre-paid mobile plan that allows customers to make international calls at a cheaper rate and also allows making free calls to local Vodaphone customers. As an international student I choose this plan to make international calls at a cheaper rate but my friend who is a local chooses the same plan because most of his friends are Vodaphone users. Further to this, a customer’s needs may change with change in their circumstances. Just like, if I secure a part-time job which gets me constant income, I will consider changing my mobile plan to post-paid service which has more offers. Customer’s needs are dynamic and can change over time. We humans have different needs at different age. Products brought by a person from a shopping mall will be different when he was single and when he gets married and more so when he’s a father. (Don Peppers & Martha Rogers, 2010) It is difficult to predict or to foresee these changes in the same customer with the change in situation. At every point of time, customers are trying to actually achieve their needs for that point of time (Hultink and Atuahene-Gima, 2000). There is no single system to understand or to foresee customer’s need and to categorize them. Marketers should learn their customer’s needs beforehand to make their product valuable to their customers. To achieve this, organizations needs look at their products/services through customer’s point of view (Don Peppers & Martha Rogers, 2010). As the changes in customer’s situation can be quiet fast, organizations needs to be quick in changing their strategies and innovations to meet their ever changing customers. Technological drawbacks Climbing the technological ladder too quick might pull down the organizations efforts in boosting customer’s value for a service/product. An excellent customer service is very important to maintain or to boost the value of the product/service with regards to customers. Traditional human to human interactions have been replaced by human to machine interactions by the help of technology. These changes force customers to embrace self-service technologies which can create discomfort among some low-tech savvy customers (Parasuraman, 2000). There may be customers with limited knowledge in technology or may not be willing accept the technological introduction (Walker, Lees, Hecker and Francis, 2002). Almost everyone has experienced this scenario when they call a customer service center of telecommunication provider. The call keeps bouncing to different automated machines and still our problems are not solved until we speak to a customer service executive. Similarly, online banking system with tight security measures some people still prefer to visit banks personally for some services. This is because either the customers are not willing trust these technological services or lack of knowledge to use these services. Secondly, Internet world made it easier for customers to compare the quality, product/service details, and cost of same/similar product from different companies (Bakos, 1997 & Lynch & Ariely, 2000). Customers can comfortable get information about the various products using internet at home without physically going to the market (J. Nielsen, 2000). This increases the competition exponentially and any company is vulnerable to this situation if they do not keep up with the hanging market trends. Companies have to constantly indulge in innovation that meets their customer’s expectation and introduce strategies to keep the customers excited about their current and upcoming product. Even a speculation of an upcoming product of the competitors can adversely affect the company’s current product in the market. Like the speculation of Samsung III (latest mobile phone) with more and better specifications tremendously reduced the sales of iphone 4s current product, even to a point that the recently released iphone 5 didn’t reach its expected sales mark. Barriers within Organizations Every organization has its own culture and employees working will be very comfortable with those culture. This culture may not be aligned with the ever changing customer’s expectations and needs. Using their own employees, organization tries to understand their customer’s needs by merely guessing it. By doing so, organizations come up with customer’s needs through employee’s perspective (or sales point of view) and not customer’s perspective. Now this â€Å"guessed† customer’s needs might be exactly opposite to what the organizations actual customer’s needs. This creates a difference between the customer value and service/product offered, which in turn results in unsatisfied customers (Woodruff, 1997). Example, Kodak Company was reluctant to change with the change in the market and customer’s needs. Customers were finding it easier to use a digital camera over a film based camera. However, Kodak Company expected its customers to use film based cameras which are not user friendly. This gradually resulted in Kodak losing its customer base to its competitors those who embraced to this change in era. Now even if the organization decides to move towards the customer’s needs by proper findings and learning their customers. It depends on managers to implement these finding in marketing their product and also in future products. Managers might be too busy with their normal duties to implement the learning on customer value. Thus the adapting to change becomes a problem when it is not in line with the introduction of new information on market change and their customers. This can also happen when the organization is reluctant to continuously train their employees on the market and customer variations. Conclusion:  There are many other factors such as market variations, globalization, wide variations in customer’s psychology, brand image etc. that makes it challenging for a marketer to show value to customers in their products/services. Theodore Leavitt of the Harvard Business School explained this idea by saying that â€Å"The customer is not interested in a quarter-inch drill. Rather the customer is interested in a quarter-inch hole†. By understanding the results preferred by the customer, an organization can invest its marketing and innovation in the right direction for the customers to achieve their desired results.

Our Justice System essays

Our Justice System essays I believe that our justice system is all messed up. Mite is right. Thats how I think our justice system works. Lets take Michael Jackson for example. Now who is going to convict the King of Pop of everything that he was charged with? Not many people chosen as jurors obviously. All the evidence showed that he did some pretty messed up stuff. Another example of this flaw in our justice system is the case of O. J Simpson. For those that dont know, Simpson was at one point in time a professional football player and was convicted of killing a white women. Was he convicted of murder? No. why? Well, lets think about this for a moment. Hes rich, famous, and part of a Chicago foot ball team and being tried in Chicago. Now if you take a middle or low class unknown person and charge them with murder, you know theyre going to prison. Of course there are some cases to argue with the point that I am trying to make, but lets look at those for a quick second. Martha Stewart, I think, is a pretty god example. Shes rich and famous and went to jail for a couple months. Although, when you think about it and look at the facts, she should have gone to jail for much longer then she did. In the end, what I am trying to say is that when it comes to justice, might is right is not acceptable. As the Old Testament states, eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth. No matter who you are, with the crime committed, comes an equal punishment. ...

The One-Page Resume Dont Model Your Resume After Elon Musks

The One-Page Resume Dont Model Your Resume After Elon Musks Last April, a resume writing company called Novorà ©sumà © created Elon Musk’s one-page resume, claiming that this resume proves no one needs a resume longer than one page. The resume spread virally. But does it prove what it claims to prove? I’m not reproducing the Elon Musk one-page resume here since I dont want to violate copyright, so I invite you to view it as you read the following comments. You can take a look at this much-viewed resume here. My take: This one-pager is nice for Elon Musk, the creator of Tesla and one of the biggest names in entrepreneurial history. I mean, Elon Musk could put his name sloppily on a page and get hired. Who cares what his resume says? But most people need more than one page to display their accomplishments. I assert that while there are some good things about this resume, there are more problems than attributes. And there are a lot of lessons you can take from Elon Musk’s one-page resume on what NOT to do. Here’s my critique: Elon’s Summary only works if you already know who he is. Otherwise you’d think the guy is idealistic at best, crazy at worst. Here’s how it reads: â€Å"Aiming to reduce global warming through sustainable energy production and consumption, and reducing the â€Å"risk of human extinction† by â€Å"making life multi-planetary† and setting up a human colony on Mars. Brilliant? Or delusional? What about stating Elon’s actual accomplishments, like starting up multi-billion-dollar companies, setting the standard in electric cars, and disrupting more technologies than anyone else on the planet? That’s what I want to hear about. The Work Experience descriptions only make an impact if you already know who Elon Musk is and what his companies do. For example, â€Å"Currently oversee the company’s product strategy – including the design, engineering and manufacturing of more and more affordable electric vehicles for mainstream consumers.† That’s fine, but really it’s a job description, not an accomplishment. It doesnt tell us what dollar value he generated for the company in this position. If someone without Elon Musk’s name recognition wanted to get hired, they would need to list a lot more specific accomplishments on their resume. The broad descriptions on Elon Musk’s one-page resume would not cut it. The award listed in Tesla is ancient. There’s an impressive line in the Tesla section about receiving the Global Green 2006 product design award†¦ but that was ten years ago! You’d almost think the guy hasn’t accomplished anything since then. There are â€Å"orphans† in the paragraphs. â€Å"Orphans† are one-word lines on the last line of a paragraph. They make the resume look elementary and sloppy. Lines that should be bullets are not bulleted and are instead stacked on top of each other with no space in between, making them difficult to read. This space-saving tactic is not recommended. Writing actual bullets takes up more space, sure, but it’s worth it for readability. There are no dollar numbers in the resume anywhere. Lines like â€Å"†¦conducted a successful viral marketing campaign, which led to a rapid increase in the number of customers† lack concrete information on what that increase was. The absence of quantifiable achievements might be okay for Elon Musk, but not for you (unless the numbers are confidential). Writing a true list of accomplishments, I can’t state enough times, is a lot more important than keeping your resume to one page. Elon’s Skills Competencies section is not consistent. Items in the list on â€Å"Skills Competencies† include â€Å"Thinking through principles first,† â€Å"Goal oriented,† and â€Å"Time Management.† The first is a participial phrase, the second is an adjective, and the third is a noun. This kind of inconsistency scrambles a reader’s brain. The Skills Competencies section, formatted in graphic style, will not be understood by a computer or ATS (Applicant Tracking Software) system. If you read my article about ATS-Compatible resumes last week, you know that a chart or graph will not cut it if you are applying to jobs on line. If Elon wants to have this information parsed, he needs to write regular sentences or phrases about these skills. Furthermore, if you want your skills to matter, you need to do more than put them in a list of skills. You must put your skills in the Work Experience section, under positions with dates of employment, to have the years of the skills counted toward your qualifications. Integrating your skills into your Experience section might take up more space, and it’s worth it. The whole resume needs to be reformatted for ATS systems. See my article on ATS-Compatible Resumes. Once reformatted, you guessed it: It will be longer. Elon’s alma matter is listed as â€Å"Penn’s College of Arts and Sciences.†Ã‚  How are we to know if this is the University of Pennsylvania or Penn State without looking it up on line? It’s not worth getting sloppy for the sake of saving space. I recommend always writing out the full name of your educational institutions. There are some people who should have a one-page resume. If you’re applying for Board positions, for instance, a document like Elon Musk’s one-page resume can be effective. Boards don’t care as much about your numbers, and prefer to see a bigger picture of your skills and scope of leadership. A one-page resume is also appropriate for many new graduates and people who have just a few years of experience. If you’re applying to Google, the rule of thumb is one page per 10 years of experience. But I’ve seen new graduates get very desirable jobs using a two-page resume if they have the experience to justify a longer document. Overall, it’s more important to state your accomplishments clearly and specifically, format your resume wisely, write out anything you’ve represented in a chart or graph, and include your keywords in your Experience section, than to attempt to cram all your experience onto one page. How long is your resume? What’s your experience with a one-page or two-page resume? And what do you think of Elon Musk’s one-page resume? Please share your comments!

Evaluate the foreign exchange exposure aspects of the French retail Essay

Evaluate the foreign exchange exposure aspects of the French retail investment project on behalf of Archer's Organic Foods plc - Essay Example .................................4 4.0 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......†¦.................................9 5.0 Recommendations............................................................................................9 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Appendices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....†¦.10 Abstract Without a doubt, the issue of foreign exchange exposures through loss of economic value leads to high losses in firms’ value as the management seeks to maximize the profitability, net cash flow and marke t value of the firm. More significantly, foreign exchange rates get exposures to translation, transaction, and economic exposures depending on the market prevalent exchange rates in the foreign exchange market. With the existence of increased exchange exposure risks among companies that operate globally, different current and uprising fluctuations in the foreign exchange rates influence its growth (Allayannis and Ofek, 2001). As a result, most companies’ analysts undertake a thorough analysis of the foreign exchange markets, which reflects the increased significance of monitoring the effects of the fluctuating exchange rate as it affects individual firms’ profitability levels. ... ds plc management is interested in undertaking investment decisions that will increase its profitability levels, thus avoiding any losses that might arise from its expansion to France due to increased risks of foreign exchange exposures. Considering the market sensitivity to exchange rate exposures, it is radical to undertake a decision based on foreign exchange exposures that are more likely to occur in terms of a regression of asset value on the exchange rate. As a company considering undertaking investment projects that will increase their profitability levels, the management of Archer’s Organic Foods plc should consider the increased possibility of accounting, operation and strategic exposures that could arise from increased foreign exchange rate fluctuations. More significantly, the possibility of increased volatility of the financial markets as Archer’s Organic Foods plc seeks to undertake increased expansion growth allows for unexpected movements in exchange rate s and interest rates within the different foreign markets (Elliott, Huffman and Makar, 2003). More importantly, the increased free movements of cash flows and profits generated from trading with France increases the likelihood of foreign exchange exposures. With the growing global competition,  the increased likelihood of foreign exchange exposures through increased unanticipated movements with the foreign currency trading can cause very large gains or losses if the risks remain largely uncontrolled. As a result, the company’s management should seek to undertake increased measures through increased use of foreign currency derivatives and other hedging instruments that are more likely to mitigate the risk of foreign exchange losses affecting the firm’s asset value. Foreign Exchange Rate Exposures

Risk identification is an underdeveloped art Discuss and include an Essay

Risk identification is an underdeveloped art Discuss and include an overview of risk identification aids and techniques in yo - Essay Example These entrepreneurs are called trendsetters in a market. In a dynamic environment, swift business decisions are required to be taken in response to the fast changing environment. This adaptability is essential for the survival of the business. Risks in a business cannot be avoided. Is the management risk averse? Risk is inevitable in a business process and it is involved in every activity of the business, though the degree of the risk is insignificant in many cases. Therefore, the approach should be: Is a particular risk tolerable, considering the willingness and ability of the management to take risk? The business decisions need to be consistent with the management’s policy with regard to risk. In all other cases, the management has to decide whether the risk is acceptable at all. Therefore, risk identification is a continuous process in an organization to evaluate the risk potential of the business decisions, its impact on the business in the worse scenario and the risk rewa rd ratio. Risk Analysis If risk identification or analysis is considered as an art, the passion and ability for analysis on the part of the personnel is important, and the management’s recognition and support for this function should form the basis for its efficient and successful functioning and contribution to the business development. Risk analysis or risk identification in this sense is as a continuous process as a part of the management function with necessary authority at its disposal and suitable place in the management structure. Risk analysis calls for collecting information from external and internal sources. The analyst needs to possess the analytical ability and proficiency in using various analytical tools for the purpose of analysis. Collection of information from the internal sources through various periodical reports, surveys, job cards and other records is a regular process. Classification of this information for various analytical purposes for the current us e or storage of the classified information for future use is important. The information has to be cross-verified for its correctness and reliability by using various auditing and other techniques. The information is analyzed for abnormalities or other indications and recorded either for future use or further action by the different departmental heads. Barron and Barron (2011) suggest keeping the management informed of project risks and potential impacts at all times. The understanding of the business by the analyst in this process is enhanced and it would be useful in evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses in the system. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Organization Analysis of the internal strengths and weaknesses of the organization is the first step in risk identification because opportunities and challenges in the environment have to be analyzed in relation to the strengths and weaknesses of the organization to evaluate the preferred course of action or to formulate adaptive strategies. Starr et al. (2003) state, ‘Enterprise resilience is the ability and capacity to withstand systemic discontinuities and adapt to new risk environments. A resilient organization effectively aligns its strategy, operations, management systems, governance structure, and decision-support capabilities so that it can uncover and adjust to continually changing risks, endure disruptions to its primary earnings drivers, and create advantages over less

The Importance of Customer Care Service and the Effect of It on Our Essay

The Importance of Customer Care Service and the Effect of It on Our Culture and Society - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that most people would agree with the fact that customer service accounts for one of the most important component of an organization’s overall business strategy. Without customers organizations cannot go forward to continue their businesses. Every organization generally has the thought that they provide good customer service; however, inadequacy of certain necessary steps to ensure this can make the situation far worse than their present perceptions. However, the commitment towards customer service must begin at the top and trickle down towards the lower levels of the organization. It is crucial that business leaders buy into the fat they are not only required to meet customer expectations but must also strive to gain excellence in the domain. For this it is important that they must create an organizational culture which strives to understand, execute and implement high quality customer service in the system. In today’s world of cut throat competition, organizations regard high quality service customer service as a prerequisite for having an extra edge over competitors. When customers are not satisfied with the service provided by a company they have ample choice to choose from another company. Initiative from the top management coupled with proper training and development program, a company would be successful in developing a culture which is conductive and embraces excellent customer services. Proper training and development program is an excellent way of creating a culture in which employees understand organizations; expectations of them whole interacting with customers. The need for customer feedback for tracking and measuring business performance through the level of service is considered to be equally importance. The present assignment seeks to bring forth critical analysis regarding the use and importance of customer care services in organizations. This is done in the light of previous research on the subject, empirical evidences and examples of such electronic companies such as Apple and Samsung. It brings forth the impacts of such services in these organizations o their businesses and customer perceptions. The importance of customer care service and the effect of it on our culture and society- Critical Analysis The present study synthesizes and builds on efforts for conceptualizing the impacts of quality, value and satisfaction on the behavioural intentions of customers. The study depicts recent advancement made in the areas of customer care services in organizations in the light of service marketing theories and also puts forth notable findings on the subject. One of the key features noted by researchers to stay competitive in the market is to deliver a product or level of service which is unique or, which distinguishes the company’s business from the others. The idea is to draw a distinct line between one’s own services from that of the other firms. This mu st be in terms of catering to customers’ needs and requirements, maintaining quality of the services and also providing after sales services to customers. Extensive research has been conducted on the subject and they typically are of the opinion that customer satisfaction can have a positive opinion on the profitability of an organization. Because of this reason, the reasons for customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction must always be considered. Research shows a positive correlation between customer satisfaction, loyalty and customer retention. Thus the three aspects of satisfaction, loyalty and retention are some of the key factors on which organizational success depends (Singh, 2006, p.1). According to

Progressive Movement Essay Example for Free

Progressive Movement Essay The Progressive Movement was a movement that came about due to changes in society after the Civil War. The Movement was a political response to industrialization and social imperfection. The Progressives were able to bring about successful reform in the areas of political and social reform, women’s suffrage, and worker and child labor. The black movement was not considered part of the Progressive Movement, because so many people consider that it was a limitation of the Progressives. The goal of Progressives in the political reform was to make the government more democratic. They made many structural changes in city government, such as hiring managers and administrators instead of having mayors. Electoral reforms were starting to be made by the Progressive Movement like stopping secret balloting, which led to the percent of voters going down. The political machines could no longer control the outcome of elections. Political machines had controlling the elections for many years but now because of electoral reforms, the elections were fair. Teddy Roosevelt believed in the direct election of U. S. enators, instead of by indirect vote through what he believed was an untrammeled electoral college. He thought the senators should be elected like the presidents are elected. He belief in these things led to the passing of the 17th Amendment, which states the direct election of U. S. senators. President Roosevelt also promised that he would break up the bad trusts of companies running railroads, and the power of Standard Oil. He passed the Elkins Act which led to the Interstate Commerce Commission having the authority to stop railroads from giving rebates to favored customers. He also passed the Hepburn Act which allowed the ICC to set max railroad rates and examine the railroad records. During Woodrow Wilson’s presidency the Clayton Anti-trust act was passed to specifically list illegal activity since the Sherman Anti-trust act was unclear about what constituted illegal activity. Because of the Clayton Anti-trust act, more antitrust suits were filed. The act reformed and emphasized concepts of the Sherman Anti-trust Act that are still active today in a growing market and merging of the industries. Wilson also passed the Underwood Act which reduced tariff, and started graduated income tax. Hebert Croly believed that President Wilson’s passing of these different acts casts suspicion on his grasp of the realities of social and industrial life. By 1914, women had the right to vote in 15 states. The women’s involvement with the Progressive Movement helped fuel the cause of women’s suffrage. The National American Women Suffrage Association was organized by Susan B. Anthony and Carrie Chapman Catt to help lobby state legislators, pass out literature, and organize parade and rallies to help women’s suffrage. Alice Paul formed the radical National Women’s Party which put direct pressure on the federal government for suffrage. A political cartoon made it seem that Woodrow Wilson cared more about Germans than women. Because of women’s effort in WWI, the 19th Amendment was passed which allowed women to vote. (Doc A, D, E, F, J, H) Many moral reforms were made during the Progressive Era. They wanted to impose morality by law against gambling, alcohol, amusement parks, dance halls, movies, and prostitution. The Mann Act was passed to state that it was a federal crime to bring a woman across state lines for immoral purposes. This act used the government’s authority to regulate interstate commission as a basis for controlling morality. Francis Willard formed the Women’s Christian Temperance Union to emphasize the legal prohibition of alcohol which led to the 18th Amendment of prohibition of alcohol. This Amendment was later repealed in 1933. The condition of workers in factories was a major problem in the 1900s. The Neill-Reynolds Report shows how the meat packing industry was a disgusting and horrible place to work and how it was unsanitary and unsafe. Upton Sinclair described these horrible conditions of the meat packing industry in his novel, The Jungle. Teddy Roosevelt read this novel and was so disturbed by it that he immediately passed the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act. Workers at this time were facing long hard hours and unfair treatment. Woodrow Wilson administration passed the Adamson Act which advocated an 8 hour workday for RR workers. When workers were injured on the job, they could be fired or replaced and not receive any money. Wilson had the Workmen’s Compensation Act passed which protected against accident and injury. Many children were also working in factories just as hard as adults. Children as young as 4 years old were working 12-14 hour work days. In 1904, the National Child Labor Committee began an investigation into child labor. Some states began to set a minimum age for employment, forbid dangerous jobs and set education requirements. Jane Addams and other settlement workers did not want children working but believed they should be educated. She argues that people are so caught up in the modern achievements that they are forgetting that children need an education. The Keating-Owen Act banned interstate commerce of products produced by child labor. In response to the act, the Supreme Court case of Hammer v. Dagenhart held regulation of child labor in purely internal manufacturing, the products of which may never enter interstate commerce. (Doc B, C, G) The black movement was not included in the Progressive Era, but it was prominent in this time. This was not a successful movement like those stated earlier because of the racism going on. Booker T. Washington was a prominent black leader during this time, and he believed that blacks should acquire skills and improve their economic value to society. He wanted them to accept the racism and be patient. He shared his views during his Atlanta Conference which was also called the Atlanta Compromise. Another black leader, W. E. B. DuBois, shared a different view than Washington. He demanded that all blacks should have full access to the same opportunities like those of whites. He paved the way for black activism. DuBois created the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People or NAACP for short. He created this to end all racial discrimination and rejected Washington’s accommodation policy. DuBois argued that blacks should be treated like whites, especially since they fought in WWI and bled for America, but instead of being treated equally, they returned to a country full of racial discrimination. The black movement was a major failure for the Progressives, as they failed to really address the problems of racism and discrimination. (Doc I) The Progressive Movement was a time of reform in the country. In many ways it was very successful but the one flaw of the movement was its failure to address the wrongs of the treatment of blacks. The movement left a lasting impact on the country that can still be seen today.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - The Modern and Mediaeval Merchants Tale :: The Merchants Tale

The Modern and Mediaeval Merchant's Tale  Ã‚   "The Merchant's Prologue and Tale" is mainly concerned with the infidelity of May while she is married to Januarie. Infidelity is undoubtedly a popular topic for discussion in modern times and is often the subject of magazine or television stories. Despite the concern with marriage and the status of men and women within such a relationship keeping the story applicable to the audience even more than 600 years later, there are many elements of the Prologue and Tale which root them in a mediaeval context. The reasons to marry and the opinions cited show the attitudes of the mediaeval period as do the references to mythological figures such as "Ymeneus, that god of wedding is". Symbolising how the mediaeval and modern aspects of the Tale can be easily combined is the story of Pluto and Proserpina. Although Pluto captures his wife, she is able to spend much of the year away from Hades. This is symbolic of the greater liberty that many women can enjoy in the modern world. Opposing this modern link is the relationship between Januarie and May which is shown to have followed mediaeval tradition to a greater extent concerning the actual marriage and the mercantile nature in which it is brought about. Rather than the freedom for Proserpina agreed between herself and Pluto, Januarie desires a wife of "warm wex" that he can control, ultimately causing May to betray him. Januarie's reasons for marrying are seen as improper both in the mediaeval and modern contexts. He wishes to be married simply because he is old and society seems to say that he should. There is no consideration of love, only of lust as he declares, "I wol noon oold wyf han in no manere". A mediaeval audience would have been aware that an emphasis on carnal pleasure was displeasing to God, while this would be less of an issue to a modern audience. As marriage was considered by the mediaeval audience to be an embodiment of Christ's devotion to the Church, the theme of infidelity would be apparent to the modern audience, but without the ironic details obvious to the earlier audience. In addition to this, the simple fact that Januarie's friends are prepared to find "to whom [he] may be wedded hastily", rather than let Januarie look for himself roots the Tale in a mediaeval context as such an idea is almost inconceivable in the year 2000.